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This document is a manual for Pcb, the interactive printed circuit
board layout system for X11.
Copyright © 1994,1995,1996,1997 Thomas Nau
Copyright © 1998,1999,2000,2001,2002 harry eaton
This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANT-ABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
Pcb is a handy tool for laying out printed circuit
boards.
Pcb was first written by Thomas Nau for an Atari ST in 1990 and
ported to UNIX and X11 in 1994.
It was not intended as a professional layout system,
but as a tool which supports people who do some
home-developing of hardware.
The second release 1.2 included menus for the first time. This made
Pcb easier to use and thus a more important tool.
Release 1.3 introduced undo for highly-destructive commands, more straightforward action handling and scalable fonts. Layer-groups were introduced to group signal-layers together.
Release 1.4 provided support for add-on device drivers. Two layers (the solder and the component side) were added to support SMD elements. The handling of libraries was also improved in 1.4.1. Support for additional devices like GERBER plotters started in 1.4.4. The undo feature was expanded and the redo-feature added in 1.4.5.
harry eaton took over pcb development beginning with Release 1.5, although he contributed some code beginning with Release 1.4.3
Release 1.5 provides support for rats-nest generation from simple net lists. It also allows for automatic clearances around pins that pierce a polygon. A variety of other enhancements including a Gerber RS-274-X driver and NC drill file generation have also been added.
Release 1.6 provides automatic screen updates of changed regions. This should eliminate most of the need for the redraw ((R key). Also some changes to what order items under the cursor are selected were made for better consistency - it is no longer possible to accidentally move a line or line point that is completely obscured by a polygon laying over top of it. Larger objects on the upper most layers can be selected ahead of smaller objects on lower layers. These changes make operations more intuitive. A new mode of line creation was added that creates two line on 45 degree angles with a single click. The actual outline of the prospective line(s) are now shown during line creation. An arc creation mode was added. Drawn arcs are quarter circles and can be useful for high frequency controlled impedance lines. (You can have eighth circle arc if the source is compiled with -DARC45, but be aware that the ends of such arcs can never intersect a grid point). Two new flags for pins and vias were created - one indicates that the pin or via is purely a drill hole and has no copper annulus. You can only toggle this flag for vias - for elements, it must be an integral part of the element definition. The other flag controls whether the pad will be round or octagonal. There is also now a feature for converting the contents of a buffer into an element.
Release 1.6.1 added the ability to make groups of action commands bound to a single X11 event to be undone by a single undo. Also a simple design rule checker was added - it checks for minimum spacing and overlap rules. Plus many fixes for bugs introduced with the many changes of 1.6
Release 1.7 added support for routing tracks through polygons without touching them. It also added support for unplated drill files, and drawing directly on the silk layer. A Netlist window for easily working with netlist was also added.
Release 2.0 adds an auto-router, a new simpler library mechanism, much improved support for graphically creating (and editing) elements, viewable solder-mask layers (and editing), snap to pins and pads, netlist entry by drawing rats, element files (and libraries) that can contain whole sub-layouts, metric grids, improved user interface, a GNU autoconf/automake based build system, and a host of other improvements.
Special thanks goes to:
Thomas Nau (who started the project and wrote the early versions).
C. Scott Ananian (who wrote the auto-router code).
Bernhard Daeubler (Bernhard.Daeubler@physik.uni-ulm.de)
Harald Daeubler (Harald.Daeubler@physik.uni-ulm.de)
DJ Delorie (djdelorie@users.sourceforge.net)
Larry Doolittle (ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov)
Dan McMahill (danmc@users.sourceforge.net)
Roland Merk (merk@faw.uni-ulm.de)
Erland Unruh (Erland.Unruh@malmo.trab.se)
Albert John FitzPatrick III (ajf_nylorac@acm.org)
Boerge Strand (borges@ifi.uio.no)
Andre M. Hedrick (hedrick@Astro.Dyer.Vanderbilt.Edu)
who provided all sorts of help including porting Pcb to
several operating systems and platforms, bug fixes, library enhancement,
user interface suggestions and more. In addition to these people,
many others donated time for bug-fixing and
other important work. Some of them can be identified in the source code
files. Thanks to all of them. If you feel left out of this list, I
apologize; please send me an e-mail and I'll try to correct the omission.
Pcb is a printed circuit board editor for the X11 window system. Pcb includes many professional features such as:
Each layout consists of several, mostly independent, objects. This chapter
gives an overview of the object types and their relationship to each other.
For a complete description of how to use Pcb, refer to
Getting Started.
The layout is generated on-screen on a grid that can have its origin
at any desired location.
The X coordinate increases to the right, Y increases down to the bottom.
All distances and sizes in Pcb are measured in mils
(0.001 inch). One unit on the coordinate display is one mil in
distance on the board.
The grid may be set on a metric pitch, but is only correct to within
the nearest +/- 0.01 mil because Pcb stores all dimensions as
integer multiples of 1/100 of a mil or 0.00001 inch.
The sections in this chapter are sorted by the order of appearance of the objects within a layout file.
The top object is the layout itself. It uses a set of symbols
that resides at the first logical level. Each symbol is uniquely identified
by a seven bit ASCII code. All layout objects share the same set of
symbols. These symbols are used to form text objects on the silkscreen
and copper layers. Undefined symbols are drawn as filled rectangles.
Every font file is preprocessed by a user-defined command when it is loaded. For details see ‘fontCommand’, Resources.
Vias provide through-hole connectivity across all layers. While vias look a lot like element pins, don't use vias for adding elements to the layout, even if that seems easier than creating a new element. The default solder-mask will cover over vias, so you won't be able to solder to them. Of course, you can change this so that vias also have solder-mask cut-outs, but it is not the default. Vias are also useful for defining arbitrary drill points such as those used for mounting a board. Vias used in this way have a special flag set so that they have no annular copper ring, and also appear in the unplated drill file. Ctrl-H key over a via switches it between being a pure-mounting hole and a regular via. You can assign a name to a via, which is useful during the creation of new element definitions. Each via exists on all copper layers. (i.e. blind and buried vias are not supported)
Elements represent the components on a board.
Elements are loaded from ASCII coded files in a
similar manner to the layout file itself, or from the
library selector window.
An element is composed of lines and arcs on the silk-screen
layer (used to define the package outline), pins
(or pads for SMD) and three labels that define the
description, the element's layout-name (which also
appears on the silk-screen layer) and its value. You
can choose which of the names are displayed on the screen
with the Screen menu; however, the silk screen in
the printout will always show the layout-name.
Element pins are contained on the first logical level
and so reside on all layers, but the pads of surface-mount
elements reside on only the component or solder
layers. An element can have a mixture of pins, pads
(on one or both sides), and mounting holes.
A mark is used to position the element with
respect to the cross hair during pasting.
The mark will lie on a grid point when the element
is positioned. The mark is drawn as a small diamond
shape, but is only visible when both the silk
and pins/pads layers are visible.
All parts of an element are treated as one unit, except for
the name.
It is not possible to delete a single pin or move
only part of an element on the layout.
You can resize separate pieces of an element,
but doing so is usually a bad idea. You can move/rotate
the element name independently of the element it belongs
to. When you move an element name, a line is draw from
the cursor to the element mark so it is easy to tell
which element the name belongs to.
Each pin and pad has two string identifiers, one is the "name" which is a functional description of the pin (e.g. "clock in") and the other is the "number" of the pin which is used to identify it in a netlist. The "number" is usually an integer, but it can be any string. You can edit the "name" of each pin of an element, but the "number" is embedded in the element definition and is determined when the new element is first created. Pads are similar to lines on a layer but they must be oriented either vertically or horizontally. Pads can have either rounded or square ends. Pins can be round, square, or octagonal.
Elements are supported by several special layers: silk, pins/pads and
far-side. The silk layer shows the package outline and
also holds legend text and element names. The pins/pads layer is used to toggle
whether the element's pins and pads are displayed. The far-side layer controls visibility
of objects (silkscreen and pads) that are on the far (i.e. not currently viewed) side
of the board.
The “oldlib” style of footprint libraries distributed with
Pcb rely upon the M4 macro processor. M4 is typically
installed under the name m4 on most unix-like operating
systems. It is recommended that you use the GNU version of M4 to
avoid limitations found in some vendor implementations. See the m4
man page on your system for more information.
Every element file is preprocessed by a user-defined command when the file is read.
For details see ‘elementCommand’, Resources. m4, the default
value of ‘elementCommand’, allows you to create libraries for
package definitions that are shared by all elements.
The old element libraries distributed with Pcb expect m4 or an
equivalent to be the elementCommand. The new library scheme simply has
each element stored in a self-contained file, so there is no need to learn
m4 to add to the libraries.
Pcb can create a list of
all connections from one (or all) elements to the others or a list of
unconnected pins.
It can also verify the layout connections against a netlist file.
The element's ‘layout-name’ is the name used to identify the element
in a netlist file (see Netlist File).
The old libraries, or very old (pre-1.6) layout files may have
incorrect pin numbering since there was no concept of pin numbers
when they were created. Pcb uses the order of appearance of
the pin definitions in the layout or library file if it uses the
old format, but there is no guarantee that it will be correct for
these old objects.
Be aware that a few of the old library parts may still be incorrectly
implemented regarding pin-numbering. All of the DIL (Dual-
Inline-Pins) parts are correct and most of the others are too,
but you should verify the pin numbering
of any non-DIL part before using an old library part.
(use the ‘generate object report’ in the Info menu
to see what Pcb thinks a pin's number is)
All of the old
library names begin with a ~, so you can easily identify them.
The old libraries also may contain other sorts of errors,
including incorrect pin spacing, silkscreen overlapping solder areas, etc.
Check carefully any element in the old library before using it!
As the new library grows, the old library will be pared down to
at least remove all of the elements with errors, but this will
take time.
You can make your own element definitions graphically now. Simply draw vias for the pins, lines on the solder and/or component layers for surface-mount pads (they must be either horizontal or vertical), and lines and arcs on the silkscreen layer for the silkscreen outline. You should name (N key) each via and copper line with the pin number. Once you are happy with the geometry, select everything that is to become part of the element, then choose ‘convert selection to element’ from the Select menu. Afterwords you can make pin (or pad) one square if you like, and give the element its various names. You can also give the pins and pads their functional names. Note that the element mark corresponds to the position you click after choosing the conversion from the menu, so decide where the mark goes and make sure it falls on a grid point before you request the conversion. If the vias/lines are not named, then the pin numbering will correspond to the order in which they were placed.
When you create a new element, remember that silkscreen lines should never overlap the copper part of the pins or pads, as this can interfere with soldering. The silkscreen should identify the maximum extent of the element package so it is easy to see how close elements can be placed together.
If you want to make an element similar to an existing one, you can
break an element into constituent pieces from the Buffer menu.
Paste the pieces to the layout, make the necessary changes, then
convert it back into an element. If the pin numbers haven't changed,
there is no need to name each via/line as they are pre-named when
the element was broken apart. When you create a new element, you
can save it to a file in order to have easy access to it the next
time you run Pcb.
Every layout consists of several layers that can be used independently or treated as a group. Layer groups can be used to logically separate (and color-code) different traces (e.g. power and signal); however, all layers within a group reside on the same physical copper layer of a board, so using different layers within the same group won't provide electrical separation where they touch or overlap. For details, see ‘layerGroups’, Resources. Each layer is drawn in a color defined in the resource file and identified by a name that you can change (for details see ‘layerColor’, Resources.) Layers are really just containers for line, arc, polygon, and text objects. The component and solder layers contain SMD elements as well, but the file structure doesn't reflect that fact directly.
Each layer group represents a physical layer on the printed circuit board. If you want to make a four layer board, you'll need to have at least four layer groups. Connections between layer groups are established only through element pins and vias. The relationship between a specific layer and the board itself is configurable from the ‘Edit layer groups’ option in the Settings menu. The layer groups corresponding to the physical layers: component-side and solder-side are always defined and you must map at least one logical layer to each, even if you plan to make a single-sided board. You are not obligated to put tracks on either of them. Surface mount elements always reside on either the component-side or the solder-side layer group. When you paste an element from the buffer, it will go onto whichever side of the board you are viewing. You can swap which side of the board you are viewing by pressing the Tab key, or by selecting ‘view solder side’ from the Screen menu. The layer groups just have a name or number associated with them - where they are sandwiched in the board is left for you to tell the manufacturer.
The silkscreen layer is special because there are actually two silkscreen layers, one for the top (component) and one for the bottom (solder) side of the board. Which silk layer you draw on is determined by the side of the board that you are viewing. If you are viewing the component side, then drawing on the silk layer draws to the component-side silk layer.
The netlist layer is another special layer. It shows rat's-nest lines
(i.e. guides that show how the netlist expects the element to interconnect).
If you make this the active layer, you can use the Line tool to add
entries into the netlist, or to delete connections from the netlist
window. Except for these two purposes, you should not
make the netlist layer the active layer. Usually there is no need to
do this because a separate schematic package should be used to create the
netlist. Pcb can automatically draw all of the rats from
the netlist. In some cases you may want to make a small change without
going to the trouble of modifying the schematic, which is why this
facility is provided.
Lines are used to draw tracks on the pc board. When in the line mode, each Btn1 press establishes one end of a line. Once the second point is defined, the line is drawn and a new line started where the first one ended. You can abandon the new starting point in favor of another by pressing Ctrl-Btn1, or Btn3, but don't use Btn2. The undo function (U key or ‘undo last operation’ from the Edit menu) will take you back point by point if you use it while in the line mode. If you drag the pointer out of the Layout area while drawing a line, the display will auto-scroll (assuming sufficient zoom for scrolling). To stop auto-scroll, simply pass the pointer over the panner control.
New lines can be restricted to 45 degree angles if desired. You can toggle this restriction on and off while creating lines by pressing the period key. If the 45 degree restriction is turned on, then the / (forward slash) key can be used to cycle through three different modes of 45 degree line creation. One mode just creates a single line forced to the nearest 45 degree vector. The next mode creates two lines from the start to end points such that the first line leaves the start point at a 90 degree vector, and the second line enters the end point on a 45 degree vector. The last mode creates two lines such that the first line leaves the start point on a 45 degree vector and arrives at the end point on a 90 degree vector. You can temporarily swap between the last two modes by holding the Shift key down.
It is simple to edit a line object by breaking it into pieces (insert point mode),
moving an end point or the whole line (Arrow tool),
or changing the layer it resides on (M key moves the line under the pointer
to the active layer).
In the case when two line segments meet at exactly the same
point you can delete the intermediate point, otherwise the delete tool removes an entire line.
Feel free to experiment
since Pcb will allow you to undo and redo anything that materially affects your work.
If you switch active layers in the midst of placing lines a via will automatically be
placed, when necessary, in order to continue the connection.
If you draw a line inside a polygon, it will either plow through the polygon creating a clearance, or touch the polygon. This behavior is selectable in the Settings menu for new lines. To change the behavior of an existing line, hit the J key with the cross hair over the line. You can increase the size of the clearance by 2 mils on each edge with the with the K key. Shift-K will decrease the clearance by 2 mils. The increment may be changed from 2 mils through the application resource file. The clearance can be also increased, decreased and set by the ChangeClearSize action.
Lines do not need to intersect the center of a pin, pad, via, or other
line for Pcb to understand that they make electrical connection.
If the connection is too tenuous, running the design rule checker will report
that the connection may break if the line width shrinks slightly.
Pcb can handle arcs of any angular extent, but when you
create an arc with the Arc tool, it will
be a quarter circle (this means they always bend a right angle). Arcs are very similar
to lines otherwise. They are created on the active layer and have the same thickness
that new lines will have. The various clicks for creating lines work pretty much the
same way for creating arcs.
In order to make the arc curve in the desired direction, drag the mouse along
the tangent line from the starting position towards the end position. If the grid is
too coarse, it may not be possible to distinguish whether you've moved over then up,
or up then over, so if you can't seem to make the arc go in the direction you want, try pressing
the Shift key while drawing the arc. Decreasing the grid spacing may also help.
Alternatively you can draw the wrong arc, then
rotate and move it where you want. Like the Line tool, after an arc is drawn a new
starting point is established at the end point.
Whenever a starting point is established by either the Line or Arc tools it will be retained if you switch directly between the tools (e.g. F2 key for Lines, F8 key for Arcs. Arcs can either touch or clear polygons just like lines do. Of course connection searches, undo and all the other features you'd expect work with arcs too.
Sometimes it's useful to fill large areas with solid copper. The way to do this is with polygons. Polygons can be created in either the polygon mode or the rectangle mode. In the polygon mode, you'll have to define each corner of the polygon with a mouse click (Btn1). When the last point is clicked exactly on top of the starting point, the polygon is finished. Since this can be hard to do, the Shift-P key will enter the final point for you, closing the polygon. If the 45 degree angle restriction is turned on and you try to close the polygon when it is not possible, you'll get a warning instead. If you haven't finished entering a polygon, but want to undo one (or more) of the points that you've already defined, use the undo command (U key).
With the rectangle tool, defining the two diagonally opposite corners is sufficient, but of course the resulting polygon is a rectangle. Like lines, a polygon can by edited by deleting, inserting and moving the points that define it. Pins and vias always clear through polygons without touching them when first positioned. You must add a thermal with the thermal tool in order to connect pins and vias to polygons. Thermals can be added and removed by clicking Btn1 with the thermal tool over the pin or via. The thermal tool always places a thermal to polygons on the active layer, so if the tool doesn't seem to work, it's probably because the polygon you want to touch is not on the active layer.
Pcb is capable of handling complex polygons, but
using a number of simpler ones improves performance of the connection tracing code.
You also must be careful not to create polygons that touch or overlap themselves.
The fabricated board may not look the way you expect if you violate this
principle. It is always ok to have two (or more) polygons touch or overlap
each other, but not for points within the same polygon to do so.
The great advantage to this new polygon behavior is that simple or complex ground
and/or power planes can be easily made with polygons and seen on the screen.
If you don't want this auto-clearance behavior, or you load a layout created by
an early version of Pcb, the old behavior
(shorts to all piercing pins and vias) is available. A ‘ChangeSize’
operation (S key) toggles a polygon between the new and old polygon/pin
behavior.
Text objects should be used to label a layout or to put additional information on the board. Elements have their ‘layout-name’ labels on the silk-screen layer. If you are making a board without a silkscreen, you can use copper text to label the elements, but you have to do this manually.
Text is always horizontal when first created, but the rotate mode can align it along 0, 90, 180 and 270 degree angles. Text on the far side of the board will automatically appear mirror-imaged.
Warning: TEXT OBJECTS ON A COPPER LAYER CREATE COPPER LINES BUT THEY ARE NOT SCANNED FOR CONNECTIONS OR TESTED FOR CREATING SHORTS VS. THE NETLIST. NEITHER ARE TEXT OBJECTS TESTED AGAINST ANY DESIGN RULES.
Layout files also contain the netlist that describes how the elements are supposed to be interconnected. This list of connections can be loaded from a netlist file (see Netlist File), or entered by drawing rat-lines as described previously. Each net has a name and routing style associated with it. The net contains a list of all element layout-name names and pin numbers that should be connected to the net. Loading a netlist file will replace all existing nets with the ones from the file. The Netlist window provides an easy way to browse through the net list. You can display the rat's-nest by selecting ‘optimize rats-nest’ from the Connects menu. If you move or rotate elements, the rat's-nest will automatically follow the movements, but they won't necessarily show the shortest paths until you optimize them again.
The goal of this chapter is to give you enough information to learn how
Pcb works and how to develop your layouts to make the best use of Pcb's
features. All event translations (i.e. the buttons and keys you
press) refer to the default application resource file shipped with Pcb.
There is probably no need to change this unless your window
manager uses some of the button events itself; however, if you want
to customize the behavior of Pcb then changing the resource file
is usually the best way to do it.
Get yourself a printout of this chapter and User Commands, if you haven't already done so, and follow the examples.
Start Pcb (the actual command will use all lower-case letters)
without any additional options.
If you get the error message:
can't find default font-symbol-file 'default_font'
then the font searchpath or filename in the application resource
file is wrong. Be sure that your m4 program supports search paths.
If not, get GNU m4.
For other messages, see problems.
Another quick-start is provided by pcbtest.sh in the src
directory. If some features don't seem to work, try running pcbtest.sh,
if that works, then Pcb hasn't been installed properly.
The main window consists of six areas: the menu at the top, the panner control in the upper left corner, the layer controls located below the panner, the tool buttons located below the layer controls, the Layout area to the right of these, and the status line at the bottom of the window.
The menus are located at the top of the Layout area. Most, but not all, of their functions are also available from the keyboard. Similarly, some functions are only achievable through the keyboard or command entry. Some menu entries such as ‘center layout’ in the Screen menu require a certain cross hair position. In this case a prompt message will popup at the bottom of the screen with wording similar to the following:
move pointer to the appropriate screen position and press a button
Any mouse button will do the job, whereas any key except the arrow (cursor) keys will cancel the operation. If it seems like the menu hasn't done what you expected, check to see if it is waiting for the position click. For details see Actions.
Pressing Btn3 in the Layout area also pops up a menu with many of the most common operations (except when you're in the midst of drawing a line or arc). When a choice in the Btn3 popup menu needs a cross hair position, it uses the position where the cross hair was when Btn3 was pressed. For example, to get detailed information on an object, place the cross hair over the object, press Btn3, then choose ‘object report’. If you pop up the Btn3 menu but don't want to take any of the actions, click on one of the headers in the menu.
The Screen menu also allows you to turn on and off the visibility of the solder-mask layer. When the solder-mask layer is made visible it obscures most of the layout, so only turn this on when you really want to know what the solder-mask will look like. The solder-mask that you see belongs to the side of the board you are viewing, which can be changed with the ‘view solder side’ option, also found in the Screen menu. When the solder-mask is displayed, the pin and pad clearance adjustments (see Line Objects) alter the size of mask cut-outs.
Pcb always knows which tracks
were routed by the auto-router, and you can selectively remove them
without fear of changing tracks that you have manually routed
with the ‘rip-up all auto-routed tracks’ entry in the Connects
menu. The ‘design rule checker’ entry runs a check for copper
areas that are too close together, or connections that touch too
tenuously for reliable production. The DRC stops when the first
problem is encountered so after fixing a problem be sure to
run it again until no problems are found.
Warning: COPPER TEXT IS IGNORED BY THE DRC CHECKER.
Pcb's
windows to the front. The Library window is used to
bring elements from the library into the paste-buffer. The
Message Log window holds the various messages that
Pcb sends to the user. The Netlist window shows
the list of connections desired.
Now that you're familiar with the various menus, it's time to try some things out. From the File menu choose ‘load layout’, navigate to the tutorial folder, then load the file ‘tut1.pcb’.
The status-line is located at the bottom edge of the main window. During normal operation the status information is visible there. When a selected menu operation requires an additional button click, the status-line is replaced by a message telling you to position the cursor and click. When a text input is required, the status-line is replaced by the Input-field which has a prompt for typing the input.
The status-line shows, from left to right, the side of the board that you are viewing (Tab key changes this), the current grid values, if new lines are restricted to 45 degrees, which type of 45 degree line mode is active, whether rubberband move and rotate mode is on (R), and the zoom factor. This information is followed by the active line-width, via-size and drilling hole, keepaway spacing, and text scaling. Last is the active buffer number and the name of the layout. An asterisk appearing at the far left indicates that the layout has been modified since the last save. Note that the name of the layout is not the same thing as the filename of the layout. Change the grid factor to 1.0 mm from the Screen menu. Observe how the status line shows the new grid setting. Except for the case of the metric grid, all dimensions in the status line are in units of 0.001 inch (1 mil).
The input-field pops up (temporarily replacing the status-line) whenever user input is required. Two keys are bound to the input field: the Escape key aborts the input, Return accepts it. Let's change the name of a component on the board to see how the input-field works. Position the cross hair over R5, and press the N key. The input field pops-up showing the name for you to edit. Go ahead and change the name, then hit return. Notice the name of the element changed. Now undo the change by pressing the U key. You can position the cross hair over the name, or the element before pressing the N key.
Now select ‘realign grid’ from the Screen menu. Notice that the status line has been replaced with an instruction to position the cursor where you want a grid point to fall. In this case, since the cross hair can only fall on a grid point, you must move the tip of the finger cursor to the place where you want a grid point to appear. Do not worry that the cross hair is not coincident with the cursor. Click Btn1 at your chosen location. See how the grid has shifted, and the status line has returned.
The present cross hair position is displayed in the upper right corner of the window. Normally this position is an absolute coordinate, but you can anchor a marker at the cross hair location by pressing Ctrl-M (try it now) and then the display will read both the absolute cross hair position as well as the difference between it and the marker. The numbers enclosed in < > are the X and Y distances between the cross hair and the mark, while the numbers enclosed in parenthesis are the distance and angle from the mark to the cross hair. The values displayed are always in units of 0.001 inch (1 mil). Pressing Ctrl-M again turns the marker off.
The panner control, located at the upper left side of the window, is used to adjust what portion of the layout is seen in the Layout area. The outer rectangle of the panner represents the whole layout (extended to have the panner aspect ratio), while the inner control rectangle represents the portion seen through the Layout area. Slowly drag this part around with the mouse (Btn1) to see how it pans the layout. Release the panner control, but leave the pointer within the outer most rectangle of the control. Now hit a few keyboard arrow keys. Each arrow key moves the region seen one-half window size in the arrow direction. If you want to see a portion of the layout that is off the top of the screen, you need to drag the panner up, or hit the up arrow key.
Move the pointer back into the Layout area.
Increase the zoom by hitting the Z key. See how the inner part of
the panner becomes smaller to reflect that you are viewing a smaller
part of the layout. Now zoom out by hitting Shift-Z. If you
hit the arrow key with the pointer in the Layout area, it moves
the pointer rather than scrolling the window. In general the keyboard
shortcuts depend on which region of Pcb's window the pointer
is over. For the most part, the key strokes in this manual refer to
the case when the pointer is in the Layout area. You can do fine
scrolling in the Layout area by dragging it directly with the
Panner tool. Press the Escape key to select the panner tool.
Now drag in the layout area with Btn1 down. You can scroll the drawing
window while the pointer is inside it with Mod-Arrow
keys.
If you are moving or drawing an object and go beyond the drawing window borders, the window will auto-scroll. If you want to stop the auto-scrolling while the pointer is outside the Layout area, simply pass the pointer briefly over the panner control area, or a menu button.
Another way to navigate around a layout is with Shift-Btn3. When pressed down, the layout will zoom so the whole extent of objects is visible, and will return to the previous zoom when you release the button, but will be centered at the cross hair position where the button is released. You can do this while in the middle of drawing an object. Try it now to center near U7.
The layer control panel, located below the panner control, is used to turn on and off the display of layer groups and to select the active drawing layer. If a layer hasn't been named, the label "(unknown)" is used as the default. If this happens, it probably means the application resources are not installed properly.
The upper buttons are used to switch layers on and off. Click <Btn1> on one or more of them. Each click toggles the setting. If you turn off the currently active layer, another one that is visible will become active. If there are no others visible, you will not be able to turn off the active layer. When the layers are grouped, clicking on these buttons will toggle the visibility of all layers in the same group. This is a good idea because layers in the same group reside on the same physical layer of the actual board. Notice that this example has 2 groups each having 3 layers, plus two other layers named ‘unused’. Use the ‘Edit layer groups’ option in the ‘Settings’ menu to change the layer groupings. Note that changing the groupings can radically alter the connectivity on the board. Grouping layers is only useful for helping you to color-code signals in your layout. Note that grouping layers actually reduces the number of different physical layers available for your board, so to make an eight layer board, you cannot group any layers.
The far side button turns on and off the visibility of elements (including SMD pads) on the opposite (to the side you're viewing) board side, as well as silk screening on that side. It does not hide the x-ray view of the other copper layers, these must be turned off separately if desired. Use the tab key to view the entire board from the other side. To see a view of what the back side of the board will actually look like, make the solder layer the active layer then press tab until the status line says "solder" on the right, then turn off the visibility of all layers except solder, pins/pads, vias, and silk. Now turn them all back on.
The lowest button, named active, is used to change the active drawing layer. Pressing <Btn1> on it pops up a menu to select which layer should be active. Each entry is labeled with the layer's name and drawn in its color. The active layer is automatically made visible. The active layer is always drawn on top of the other layers, so the ordering of layers on the screen does not generally reflect the ordering of the manufactured board. Only the solder, component, silkscreen, and solder-mask layers are always drawn in their physical order. Bringing the active layer to the top makes it easier to select and change objects on the active layer. Try changing the active layer's name to ABC by selecting ‘edit name of active layer’ from the ‘Edit’ menu. Changing the active layer can also be done by pressing keys 1..MAX_LAYER.
Turn off the visibility of the component layer. Now make the component layer the active layer. Notice that it automatically became visible. Try setting a few other layers as the active layer. You should also experiment with turning on and off each of the layers to see what happens.
The netlist layer is a special layer for adding connections to the netlist by drawing rat lines. This is not the recommended way to add to the netlist, but occasionally may be convenient. To learn how to use the netlist layer see Net Objects.
The tool selector buttons reside below the layer controls. They are used to select which layout tool to use in the drawing area. Each tool performs its function when Btn1 is pressed. Every tool gives the cursor a unique shape that identifies it. The tool selector buttons themselves are icons that illustrate their function. Each layout tool can also be selected from the keyboard:
Escape key Panner tool
F1 key Via tool
F2 key Line tool
F3 key Arc tool
F4 key Text tool
F5 key Rectangle tool
F6 key Polygon tool
F7 key Buffer tool
F8 key Delete tool
F9 key Rotate tool
Insert key Insert-point tool
F10 key Thermal tool
F11 key Arrow tool
F12 key Lock tool
Some of the tools are very simple, such as the Via tool. Clicking Btn1 with the Via tool creates a via at the cross hair position. The via will have the diameter and drill sizes that are active, as shown in the status line. The Buffer tool is similar. With it, <Btn1> copies the contents of the active buffer to the layout, but only those parts that reside on visible layers are copied. The Rotate tool allows you to rotate elements, arcs, and text objects 90 degrees counter-clockwise with each click. Holding the Shift key down changes the Rotate tool to clockwise operation. Anything including groups of objects can be rotated inside a buffer using the rotate buffer menu option.
The Line tool is explained in detail in Line Objects. Go read
that section if you haven't already.
Activate the Line tool. Set the active layer to the solder layer.
Try drawing some lines. Use the U key to undo some of the
lines you just created. Zoom in a bit closer with the Z key.
Draw some more lines. Be sure to draw some separate lines by starting
a new anchor point with Ctrl-Btn1. Change the ‘crosshair snaps to pin/pads’
behavior in the Settings menu. Now draw a line. Notice that
the new line points must now always be on a grid point. It might not
be able to reach some pins or pads with this setting. Increase the active line thickness
by pressing the L key. Note that the status line updates
to reflect the new active line thickness. Now draw another line. Before completing the
next line, make the component layer active by pressing the 4 key.
Now finish the line. Notice that a via was automatically placed where
you switched layers. Pcb does not do any checks to make sure that
the via could safely be placed there. Neither does it interfere with
your desire to place lines haphazardly. It is up to you to place
things properly when doing manual routing with the Line tool.
The Arc tool is explained in detail in Arc Objects. Its use is very similar to the Line tool.
The Rectangle tool, Polygon tool and Thermal tool are explained in detail in Polygon Objects. Go read that section. Remember that the Thermal tool will only create and destroy thermals to polygons on the active layer. Use the Rectangle tool to make a small copper plane on the component layer. Now place a via in the middle of the plane. Notice that it does not touch the plane, and they are not electrically connected. Use the Thermal tool to make the via connect to the plane. Thermals allow the via or pin to be heated by a soldering iron without having to heat the entire plane. If solid connections were made to the plane, it could be nearly impossible to solder. Click on the via again with the Thermal tool to remove the connection to the plane.
The Insert-point tool is an editing tool that allows you to add points into lines and polygons. The Insert-point tool enforces the 45 degree line rule. You can force only the shorter line segment to 45 degrees by holding the Shift key down while inserting the point. Try adding a point into one of the lines you created. Since line clipping is turned on, you may need to move the cross hair quite far from the point where you first clicked on the line. Turn off the line clipping by selecting ‘all-direction lines’ from the Settings menu (or hit the Period key). Now you can place an inserted point anywhere. Try adding a point to the rectangle you made earlier. Start by clicking somewhere along an edge of the rectangle, then move the pointer to a new location and click again.
The delete-mode deletes the object beneath the cursor with each Btn1 click. If you click at an end-point that two lines have in common, it will replace the two lines with a single line spanning the two remaining points. This can be used to delete an "inserted" point in a line, restoring the previous line. Now delete one of the original corner points of the polygon you were just playing with. To do this, place the cross hair over the corner and click on it with the Delete tool. You could also use the Backspace key if some other tool is active. Try deleting some of the lines and intermediate points that you created earlier. Use undo repeatedly to undo all the changes that you've made. Use redo a few times to see what happens. Now add a new line. Notice that you can no longer use redo since the layout has changed since the last undo happened. The undo/redo tree is always pruned in this way (i.e. it has a root, but no branches).
The Arrow tool is so important, it has its own section: Arrow Tool. Go read it now.
The Lock tool allows you to lock objects on the layout. When an object is locked, it can't be selected, moved, rotated, or resized. This is useful for very large objects like ground planes, or board-outlines that are defined as an element. With such large objects, nearly anywhere you click with the Arrow tool will be on the large object, so it could be hard to draw box selections. If you lock an object, the Arrow tool will behave as if it didn't exist. You cannot unlock an object with undo. You must click on it again with the Lock tool. If an object is locked, previous changes to it cannot be undone either. When you lock an object, a report message about it is popped up and will always tell you what object it is, and that it is locked if you just locked it. Other than noticing your inability to manipulate something, the only way to tell an object is locked is with a report from the Info menu. Use the Lock tool sparingly.
The layout area is where you see the layout. The cursor shape depends on the active tool when the pointer is moved into the layout area. A cross hair follows the X11 pointer with respect to the grid setting. Select a new grid from the Screen menu. The new value is updated in the status line. A different way to change the grid is Shift<Key>g to decrease or <Key>g to increase it, but this only works for English (integer mil) grids. The grid setting is saved along with the data when you save a pcb layout. For homemade layouts a value around 50 is a good setting. The cursor can also be moved in the layout area with the cursor (arrow) keys or, for larger distances, by pressing the Shift modifier together with a cursor key.
This optional window is used to display all kind of messages including
the ones written to stderr by external commands. The main advantage
of using it is
that its contents are saved in a scrolling list until the
program exits. Disabling this feature by setting the resource
useLogWindow to false will generate popup windows to display
messages. The stderr of external commands will appear on Pcbs
stderr which normally is the parent shell. I suggest you iconify
the log window after startup for example by setting *log.iconic to
true in the resource file. If raiseLogWindow is set true,
the window will deiconify and raise itself whenever new messages are to be
displayed.
The library window makes loading elements (or even partial layouts) easy.
Just click the appropriate library from the list on the left. A list
of its elements then appears on the right. Select an element
from the list by clicking on its description. Selecting an element from the
library will also automatically copy the element into
the active buffer, then invoke the Buffer tool so
you can paste it to the layout. Elements in the old library should be
taken with a grain of salt (i.e. check them carefully before
using). The old library names all begin with ~ so you can easily distinguish between
the old and new libraries. All of the elements in the new library
should be thoroughly vetted, so you
can use them with confidence. The new libraries are stored simply
as directories full of element files, so making additions to the
new library is easy since there is no need to learn m4.
For details on the old libraries,
check-out Library File and Library Contents File. For
details on the format of an element file used for the new libraries,
see Element File.
The netlist window is very similar to the library window. On the left is a list of all of the nets, on the right is the list of connections belonging to the chosen net. The chosen net is highlighted in the list and also shown on the second line of the window in red. If the net name has a star to the left of it then it is "disabled". A disabled net is treated as if it were not in the net list. This is useful, for example, if you plan to use a ground plane and don't want the ground net showing up in the rat's nest. You can enable/disable individual nets by double-clicking the net name. If you want to enable or disable all nets at once, there are two buttons at the top of the netlist window for this purpose.
The button labeled ‘Sel Net On Layout’ can be used to select (on the layout) everything that is connected (or is supposed to be connected) to the net. If you click on a connection in the connection list, it will select/deselect the corresponding pin or pad in the layout and also center the layout window where it is located. If you "Find" (‘lookup connection to object’ in the Connects menu [also F key]), a pin or pad it will also choose the net and connection in the netlist window if it exists in the netlist.
If no netlist exists for the layout, then the netlist window does not appear. You can load a netlist from a file from the File menu. The format for netlist files is described in Netlist File.
hace begging gutting here, and do a real-world tutorial example.
There are several ways of creating new objects: you can draw them yourself, you can copy an existing object (or selection), or you can load an element from a file or from the Library window. Each type of object has a particular tool for creating it.
The active tool can be selected from the tool selectors in the bottom left corner or by one of the function keys listed earlier in this chapter. Each <Btn1> press with the tool tells the application to create or change the appropriate object or at least take the first step to do so. Each tools causes the cursor to take on a unique shape and also causes the corresponding tool selector button to be highlighted. You can use either cue to see which tool is active.
Insert mode provides the capability of inserting new points into existing polygons or lines. The 45 degree line clipping is now enforced when selected. Press and hold the shift key while positioning the new point to only clip the line segment to the nearer of the two existing points to 45 degrees. You can also toggle the 45-degree clipping in the middle of a point insertion by pressing the <Key>. If the shift key is not depressed and the 45 degree line clipping mode is on, both new line segments must be on 45 degree angles - greatly restricting where the new point may be placed. In some cases this can cause confusion as to whether an insertion has been started since the two new lines may be forced to lie parallel on top of the original line until the pointer is moved far from the end points.
Removing objects, changing their size or moving them only applies to objects that are visible when the command is executed.
There are several keystrokes and button events referring to an object without identifying its type. Here's a list of them:
<Btn1> creates (or deletes) an object depending on the current mode.
<Key>BackSpace or <Key>Delete removes the visible object at the cursor location. When more than one object exists at the location, the order of removal is: via, line, text, polygon and element. The drawn layer order also affects the search - whatever is top - most (except elements) is affected before lower items. Basically all this means that what is removed is probably just what you expect. If for some reason it isn't, undo and try again. Only one object is removed for each keystroke. If two or more of the same type match, the newest one is removed.
Use <Key>s and Shift<Key>s to change the size (width) of lines, arcs, text objects, pins, pads and vias, or to toggle the style of polygons (whether pins and vias automatically have clearances).
<Key>n changes the name of pins, pads, vias, the string of a text object, or the currently displayed label of an element.
<Key>m moves the line, arc, or polygon under the cross hair to the active layer if it wasn't on that layer already.
<Key>u (undo) recovers from an unlimited number of operations such as creating, removing, moving, copying, selecting etc. It works like you'd expect even if you're in the midst of creating something.
Shift<Key>r restores the last undone operation provided no other changes have been made since the undo was performed.
<Key>tab changes the board side you are viewing.
For a complete list of keystrokes and button events see Translations.
To draw new lines you have to be in line-mode. Get there either by selecting it from the Tool palette or by pressing <Key>F2. Each successive notify event creates a new line. The adjustment to 45 degree lines is done automatically if it is selected from the Display menu. You can toggle the 45 degree mode setting by pressing the <Key>. (That is the period key). When 45 degree enforcement is turned on there are three distinct modes of line creation: a single line on the closest 45 degree vector towards the cross hair (but not necessarily actually ending at the cross hair), two lines created such that the first leaves the start point on a 90 degree vector and the second arrives at the cross hair on a 45 degree vector, and finally two lines created such that the first leaves the start point on a 45 degree vector and the second arrives at the cross hair on a 90 degree vector. These last two modes always connect all the way from the start and end points, and all lines have angles in 45 degree multiples. The <Key>/ cycles through the three modes. The status line shows a text icon to indicate which of the modes is active and the lines following the cross hair motion show the outline of the line(s) that will actually be created. Press <Key>Escape to leave line-mode.
<Key>l, Shift<Key>l and the entries in the Sizes menu change the initial width of new lines. This width is also displayed in the status line.
An Arc is drawn with the arc-tool. Get there either by selecting it from the Tool palette or by pressing <Key>F8. Press Btn1 to define the starting point for the arc. Drag the mouse towards the desired end point along the path you want the arc to follow. The outline of the arc that will be created is shown on the screen as you move the mouse. Arcs are always forced to be 90 degrees and have symmetrical length and width ( i.e. they are a quarter circle). The next Btn1 click creates the arc. It will have the same width as new lines (displayed in the status line) and appear on the active layer. The arc leaves the starting point towards the cross hair along the axis whose distance from the cross hair is largest. Normally this means that if you drag along the path you want the arc to follow, you'll get what you want. If the grid is set to the arc radius, then the two distances will be equal and you won't be able to get all of the possible directions. If this is thwarting your desires, reduce the grid spacing (!Shift<Key>G) and try again.
A polygon is drawn by defining all of its segments as a series of consecutive line segments. If the first point matches a new one and if the number of points is greater than two, then the polygon is closed. Since matching up with the first point may be difficult, you may use Shift<Key>p to close the polygon. The Shift<Key>p won't work if clipping to 45 degree lines is selected and the final segment cannot match this condition. I suggest you create simple convex polygons in order to avoid a strong negative impact on the performance of the connection scanning routines. The rectangle-mode is just an easy way to generate rectangular polygons. Polygon-mode also is selected by <Key>F6 whereas rectangle-mode uses <Key>F4. Pressing a <Btn1> at two locations creates a rectangle by defining two of its corners. <Key>Insert brings you to insert-point-mode which lets you add additional points to an already existing polygon. Single points may be removed by moving the cross hair to them and selecting one of the delete actions (remove-mode, BackSpace, or Delete. This only works if the remaining polygon will still have three or more corners. Pressing <Key>u or <Key>p while entering a new polygon brings you back to the previous corner. Removing a point does not force clipping to 45 degree angles (because it's not generally possible). Newly created polygons will not connect to pins or vias that pierce it unless you create a thermal (using the thermal mode) to make the connection. If the edge of a polygon gets too close to a pin or via that lies outside of it, a warning will be issued and the pin will be given a special color. Increasing the distance between them will remove the warning color.
Pressing <Key>F5 or clicking one of the text selector buttons changes to text-mode. Each successive notify event (<Btn1>) pops up the input line at the bottom and queries for a string. Enter it and press <Key>Return to confirm or <Key>Escape to abort. The text object is created with its upper left corner at the current pointer location. The initial scaling is changed by <Key>t and Shift<Key>t or from the Sizes menu.
Now switch to rotate-mode and press <Btn1> at the text-objects location. Text objects on the solder side of the layout are automatically mirrored and flipped so that they are seen correctly when viewing the solder-side.
Use <Key>n to edit the string.
TEXT OBJECTS ON COPPER LAYERS CREATE COPPER LINES BUT THEY ARE NOT SCANNED FOR CONNECTIONS. If they are moved to the silkscreen layer, they no longer create copper.
The initial size of new vias may be changed by <Key>v and Shift<Key>v or by selecting the appropriate entry from the Sizes menu. Mod1<Key>v and Mod1 Shift<Key>v do the same for the drilling hole of the via. The statusline is updated with the new values. Creating a via is similar to the other objects. Switch to via-mode by using either the selector button or <Key>F1 then press <Key>] or <Btn1> to create one. <Key>n changes the name of a via. If you want to create a mounting hole for your board, then you can place a via where you want the hole to be then convert the via into a hole. The conversion is done by pressing !Ctrl<Key>h with the cross hair over the via. Conceptually it is still a via, but it has no copper annulus. If you create such a hole in the middle of two polygons on different layers, it will short the layers. Theoretically you could arrange for such a hole not to be plated, but a metal screw inserted in the hole would still risk shorting the layers. A good rule is to realize that holes in the board really are vias between the layers and so place them where they won't interfere with connectivity. You can convert a hole back into a normal via with the same keystroke used to convert it in the first place.
Some of the functions related to elements only work if both the package layer and the pin layer are switched on.
Now that you're familiar with many of the basic commands, it is time to put the first element on the layout. First of all, you have to load data into the paste buffer. There are four ways to do this:
1) load the data from a library
2) load the data from a file
3) copy data from an already existing element
4) convert objects in the buffer into an element
We don't have any elements on the screen yet nor anything in the buffer, so we use number one.
Select lsi from the menu in the library window press
<Btn1> twice at the appropriate text-line to get
the MC68030 CPU.
The data is loaded and the mode is switched to pastebuffer-mode.
Each notify event now creates one of these beasts. Leave the mode
by selecting a different one or by <Key>Escape which resets
all modes..
The cross hair is located at the mark position as defined by
the data file. Rotating the buffer contents is done by selecting
the rotate entry of the Buffer menu or by pressing
Shift<Key>F3. The contents of the buffer
are valid until new data is loaded into it either by a cut-to-buffer
operation, copy-to-buffer operation or by loading a new data file.
There are 5 buffers
available (possibly more or less if changed at compile time
with the MAX_BUFFER variable in globalconfig.h).
Switching between them is done by selecting a menu entry or
by Shift<Key>1..MAX_BUFFER.
Each of the two board sides has its own buffers.
The release includes all data files for the circuits that are used by the demo layout. The elements in the LED example are not found in the library, but you can lift them from the example itself if you want. If you have problems with the color of the cross hair, change the resource cross hairColor setting to a different one.
Now load a second circuit, the MC68882 FPU for example. Create the circuit as explained above. You now have two different unnamed elements. Unnamed means that the layout-name of the element hasn't been set yet. Selecting description from the Display menu displays the description string of the two circuits which are CPU and FPU. The values of the circuits are set to MC68030 and MC68882. Each of the names of an element may be changed by <Key>n at the elements location and editing the old name in the bottom input line. Naming pins and vias is similar to elements. You can hide the element name so that it won't appear on the board silkscreen by pressing <key>h with the cursor over the element. Doing so again un-hides the element name.
Entering :le and selecting an element data file is the second way to load circuits.
The third way to create a new element is to copy an existing one. Please refer to Moving and Copying.
The fourth way to create a new element is to convert a buffer's contents into an element. Here's how it's done: Select the Via-tool from the Tool pallet. Set the grid spacing to something appropriate for the element pin spacing. Now create a series of vias where the pins go. Create them in pin number order. It is often handy to place a reference point (!Ctrl<Key>m) in the center of the first pin in order to measure the location of the other pins. Next make a solder-side layer the active layer from the active-layer popup menu. Now draw the outline of the element using lines and arcs. When you're done, select everything that makes up the element with a box selection (<Btn3Down> drag, <Btn3Up>). Now select "cut selection to buffer" from the Buffer menu. Position the cursor over the center of pin 1 and press the left button to load the data into the buffer. Finally select "convert buffer to element" from the Buffer menu. You'll only want to create elements this way if they aren't already in the library. It's also probably a good idea to do this before starting any of the other aspects of a layout, but it isn't necessary.
To display the pinout of a circuit move to it and press Shift<Key>d or select show pinout from the Objects menu. A new window pops up and displays the complete pinout of the element. This display can be difficult to read if the component has been rotated 90 degrees :-( therefore, the new window will show an un-rotated view so the pin names are readable. <Key>d displays the name of one or all pins/pads inside the Layout area, this is only for display on-screen, it has no effect on any printing of the layout.
You also may want to change a pin's or pad's current size by pressing <Key>s to increase or Shift<Key>s to decrease it. While this is possible, it is not recommended since care was probably taken to define the element structure in the first place. You can also change the thickness of the element's silkscreen outline with the same keys. You can change whether a pin or SMD pad is rounded or square with the <Key>q. SMD pads should usually have squared ends. Finally, you can change whether the non-square pins are round or octagonal with the !Ctrl<Key>o.
SMD elements and silkscreen objects are drawn in the "invisible object" color if they are located on the opposite side of the board.
For information on element connections refer to Connection Lists.
The line-stack and element-buffer of former releases have been replaced
by 5 (possibly more or less if changed at compile time
with the MAX_BUFFER variable in globalconfig.h)
multi-purpose buffers that are selected by
Shift<Key>1..MAX_BUFFER. The status line shows which buffer is
the active one.
You may load data from a file or layout into them.
Cut-and-paste works too.
If you followed the instructions earlier in this chapter you should
now have several objects on the screen. Move the cross hair to one of them
and press <Btn3Down> to toggle its selection flag. (If you drag the
mouse while the button is down, a box selection will be attempted instead
of toggling the selection.) The object
is redrawn in a different color. You also may want to try
moving the pointer while holding the third button down and
release it on a different location. This selects all objects inside the
rectangle and unselects everything else. If you want to add a box selection
to an existing selection, drag with Mod1<Btn3Down> instead.
Dragging Shift Mod1<Btn3Down> unselects objects in a box.
Now change to pastebuffer-mode and select some operations from the
Buffer menu. Copying objects to the buffer is available as
Mod1<Key>c while cutting them uses Mod1<Key>x as
shortcut. Both clear the buffer before new data is added.
If you use the menu entries, you have to supply a cross hair position by
pressing a mouse button. The objects are attached to the pastebuffer
relative to that cross hair location.
Element data or PCB data may be merged into an existing layout by loading
the datafiles into the pastebuffer. Both operations are available from
the File menu or as user commands.
All objects can be moved including element-names, by <Btn2Down>, dragging the pointer while holding the button down and releasing it at the new location of the object. If you use Mod1<Btn2Down> instead, the object is copied. Copying does not work for element-names of course. You can move all selected objects with Shift <Btn1>. This uses the Pastebuffer, so it will remove whatever was previously in the Pastebuffer. Please refer to Pastebuffer. If you want to give a small nudge to an object, but you don't think that the mouse will give you the fine level of control that you want, you can position the cursor over the object, press <Key>[, move it with the arrow keys, then press <Key>] when it's at the desired position. Remember that all movements are forced onto grid coordinates, so you may want to change the grid spacing first.
To move a trace or group of traces to a different layer, first select the tracks to be moved. It's easiest to do this if you shut off everything but that layer first (i.e. silk, pins, other layers, etc). Now set the current layer to be the new layer. Press Shift-M to move all the selected tracks to the current layer. See the MoveToCurrentLayer action for more details.
After your first experience with Pcb you will probably want to save
your work. :s name passes the data to an external program which
is responsible for saving it. For details see saveCommand in
Resources.
Saving also is available from the File menu, either with or
without supplying a filename. Pcb reuses the last
filename if you do not pass a new one to the save routine.
To load an existing layout either select load layout data from the File menu or use :l filename. A file select box pops up if you don't specify a filename. Merging existing layouts into the new one is supported either by the File menu or by :m filename.
Pcb saves a backup of the current layout at a user specified interval.
The backup filename is created by appending a dash, "-", to the .pcb filename.
For example, if you are editing the layout in projects/board.pcb then the
backup file name will be projects/board.pcb-. If the layout is new and
has not been saved yet, then the backup file name is PCB.####.backup where the "####"
will be replaced by the process ID of the currenting running copy of Pcb.
This default backup file name may be changed at compilation time via the
BACKUP_NAME
variable in globalconfig.h). During critical
sections of the program or when data would be lost it is saved as
PCB.%i.save. This file name may be changed at compile time
with the SAVE_NAME variable in globalconfig.h.
Pcb now has support for device drivers,
PostScript, encapsulated PostScript,
and Gerber RS-274-X drivers are
available so far. The Gerber RS-274-X
driver additionally generates a numerical control (NC) drill file for
automated drilling,
a bill of materials file to assist in materials procurement and
inventory control, and a centroid (X-Y) file which includes the
centroid data needed
by automatic assembly (pick and place) machines.
I recommend the use of GhostScript if you
don't have a PostScript printer for handling the PostScript
output. Printing always generates
a complete set of files for a specified driver.
See the page about
the Print() action for additional information about the filenames.
The control panel offers a number of options. Most of them are not available
for Gerber output because it wouldn't make sense, for example, to scale the gerber output
(you'd get an incorrectly made board!) The options are:
X11 geometry specification.
This entry is only available if you use X11R5 or later.
For earlier releases the user defined size or, if not available, A4
is used.
Well known size are:
A3
A4
A5
letter
tabloid
ledger
legal
executive
X11R5 or later. A zero
offset is used for earlier releases.
The created file includes some labels which are guaranteed to stay unchanged
awk script to produce several printouts on one piece of paper by
duplicating the code and putting some translate commands in front.
Note, the normal PostScript units are 1/72 inch.
After completing parts of your layout you may want to check if all drawn connections match the ones you have in mind. This is probably best done in conjunction with a net-list file: see Rats Nest. The following examples give more rudimentary ways to examine the connections.
1) create at least two elements and name them
2) create some connections between their pins
3) optionally add some vias and connections to them
Now select lookup connection from the Connections menu,
move the cursor to a pin or via and press any mouse button. Pcb
will look for all other pins and/or vias connected to the one you have
selected and display the objects in a different color.
Now try some of the reset options available from the same menu.
There also is a way to scan all connections of one element. Select a single element from the menu and press any button at the element's location. All connections of this element will be saved to the specified file. Either the layout name of the element or its canonical name is used to identify pins depending on the one which is displayed on the screen (may be changed by Display menu).
An automatic scan of all elements is initiated by choosing all elements. It behaves in a similar fashion to scanning a single element except the resource resetAfterElement is used to determine if connections should be reset before a new element is scanned. Doing so will produce very long lists because the power lines are rescanned for every element. By default the resource is set to false for this reason.
To scan for unconnected pins select unused pins from the same menu.
Some commands mentioned earlier in this chapter also are able to operate on all selected and visible objects. The Arrow tool is used to select/deselect objects and also to move objects or selections. If you click and release on an object with the Arrow tool, it will unselect everything else and select the object. Selected objects change color to reflect that they are selected. If you Shift click, it will add the object to (or remove) the object from the existing selection. If you drag with the mouse button down with the Arrow tool, one of several things could happen: if you first pressed the button on a selected object, you will be moving the selection to where you release the button. If you first pressed the button on an unselected object, you will be moving that object. If you first pressed the button over empty space, you will be drawing a box to select everything inside the box. The Shift key works the same way with box selections as it does with single objects.
Moving a single un-selected object is different from moving a selection. First of all, you can move the end of line, or a point in a polygon this way which is impossible by moving selections. Secondly, if rubber banding is turned on, moving a single object will rubber-band the attached lines. Finally, it is faster to move a single object this way since there is no need to select it first.
You can select any visible object unless it is locked. If you select an object, then turn off its visibility with the Layer controls, it won't be moved if you move the remaining visible selection.
If you have not configured to use strokes in the Pcb user interface, then
the middle mouse button is automatically bound to the arrow tool, regardless
of the active tool (which is bound to the first mouse button). So using
the middle button any time is just like using the first mouse button
with the Arrow tool active.
The entries of the Selection menu are hopefully self-explanatory. Many of the Action Commands can take various key words that make them function on all or some of the selected items.
If you have a netlist that corresponds to the layout you are working on, you can use the rats-nest feature to add rat-lines to the layout. First you will need to load a netlist file (see :rn, User Commands). <Key>w adds rat-lines on the active layer using the current line thickness shown in the status line (usually you'll want them to be thin lines). Only those rat-lines that fill in missing connectivity (since you have probably routed some connections already) are added. If the layout is already completely wired, nothing will be added, and you will get a message that the wiring is complete.
Rat-lines are lines having the special property that they only connect to pins and pads at their end points. Rat-lines are drawn on the screen with a stippled pattern to make them easier to identify since they have special behavior and cannot remain in a completed layout. Rat-lines are added in the minimum length straight-line tree pattern (always ending on pins or pads) that satisfies the missing connectivity in the circuit. Used in connection with moves and rotates of the elements, they are extremely useful for deciding where to place elements on the board. The rat-lines will always automatically rubberband to the elements whether or not the rubberband mode is on. The only way for you to move them is by moving the parts they connect to. This is because it is never desirable to have the rat-lines disconnected from their element pins. Rat-lines will normally criss-cross all over which gives rise to the name "rats nest" describing a layout connected with them. If a SMD pad is unreachable on the active layer, a warning will be issued about it and the rat-line to that pad will not be generated.
A common way to use rats nests is to place some elements on the board, add the rat-lines, and then use a series of moves/rotates of the elements until the rats nest appears to have minimum tangling. You may want to iterate this step several times. Don't worry if the layout looks messy - as long as you can get a sense for whether the criss-crossing is better or worse as you move things, you're fine. After moving some elements around, you may want to optimize the rats nest <Key>o so that the lines are drawn between the closest points (this can change once you've moved components). Adding rat-lines only to selected pads/pins (Shift<Key>w) is often useful to layout a circuit a little bit at a time. Sometimes you'll want to delete all the rat-lines (<Key>e) or selected rat-lines (Shift<Key>e) in order to reduce confusion. With a little practice you'll be able to achieve a near optimal component placement with the use of a rats nest.
Rat-lines are not only used for assisting your element placement, they can also help you to route traces on the board. Use the <Key>m to convert a rat-line under the cursor into a normal line on the active layer. Inserting a point into a rat-line will also cause the two new lines to be normal lines on the board. Another way that you can use rat-lines is to use the <Key>f with the cursor over a pad or pin. All of the pins and pads and rat-lines belonging to that net will be highlighted. This is a helpful way to distinguish one net from the rest of the rats nest. You can then route those tracks, turn off the highlighting (Shift<Key>f) and repeat the process. This will work even if the layer that the rat-lines reside on is made invisible - so only the pins and pads are highlighted. Be sure to erase the rat-lines (<Key>e erases them all) once you've duplicated their connectivity by adding your own lines. When in doubt, the <Key>o will delete only those rat-lines that are no longer needed.
If connections exist on the board that are not listed in the netlist when <Key>w is pressed, warning messages are issued and the affected pins and pads are drawn in a special warnColor until the next Notify() event. If the entire layout agrees completely with the netlist, a message informs you that the layout is complete and no rat-lines will be added (since none are needed). If the layout is complete, but still has rat-lines then you will be warned that rat-lines remain. If you get no message at all it's probably because some elements listed in the net list can't be found and where reported in an earlier message. There shouldn't be any rat-lines left in a completed layout, only normal lines.
The Shift<Key>w is used to add rat-lines to only those missing connections among the selected pins and pads. This can be used to add rat-lines in an incremental manner, or to force a rat-line to route between two points that are not the closest points within the net. Often it is best to add the rats nest in an incremental fashion, laying out a sub-section of the board before going further. This is easy to accomplish since new rat-lines are never added where routed connectivity already makes the necessary connections.
After you've finished laying out a board, you may want to check to be certain that none of your interconnections are too closely spaced or too tenuously touching to be reliably fabricated. The design rule checking (DRC) function does this for you. Use the command ":DRC()" (without the quotes of course) to invoke the checker. If there are no problem areas, you'll get a message to that effect. If any problem is encountered, you will get a message about it and the affected traces will be highlighted. One part of the tracks of concern will be selected, while the other parts of concern will have the "FindConnection" highlighting. The screen will automatically be centered in the middle of the object having the "FindConnection" (Green) highlighting. The middle of the object is also the coordinates reported to be "near" the problem. The actual trouble region will be somewhere on the boundary of this object. If the two parts are from different nets then there is some place where they approach each other closer than the minimum rule. If the parts are from the same net, then there is place where they are only barely connected. Find that place and connect them better.
After a DRC error is found and corrected you must run the DRC again because the search for errors is halted as soon as the first problem is found. Unless you've been extremely careless there should be no more than a few design rule errors in your layout. The DRC checker does not check for minimum spacing rules to copper text, so always be very careful when adding copper text to a layout. The rules for the DRC are specified in the application resource file. The minimum spacing value (in mils) is given by the Settings.Bloat value. The default is 7 mils. The minimum touching overlap (in mils) is given by the Settings.Shrink value. This value defaults to 5 mils. Check with your fabrication process people to determine the values that are right for you.
If you want to turn off the highlighting produced by the DRC, perform an undo (assuming no other changes have been made). To restore the highlighting, use redo. The redo will restore the highlighting quickly without re-running the DRC checker.
PCB includes a flexible trace optimizer. The trace optimizer can be run after auto routing or hand routing to clean up the traces.
To locate text or a specific element or grouping of similar elements choose ‘Select by name’ from the Select menu, then choose the appropriate subsection. At the bottom of the screen the prompt pattern: appears. Enter the text or Regular Expressions of the text to be found. Found text will be highlighted.
To measure distances, for example the pin-to-pin pitch of a part to validate a footprint, place the cursor at the starting measurement point, then press !Ctrl<Key>m. This marks the current location with a X. The X mark is now the zero point origin for the relative cursor position display. The cursor display shows both absolute position and position relative to the mark as the mouse is moved away from the mark. If a mark is already present, the mark is removed and the cursor display stops displaying relative cursor coordinates.
Pcb includes support for mapping drill holes to a specified set
of sizes used by a particular vendor. Many PCB manufacturers have a
prefered set of drill sizes and charge extra when others are used.
The mapping can be performed on an existing design and can also be
enabled to automatically map drill holes as vias and elements are
instantiated.
The first step in using the vendor drill mapping feature is to create a resource file describing the capabilities of your vendor. The file format is the resource file format described in Resource Syntax. A complete example is given below.
# Optional name of the vendor
vendor = "Vendor Name"
# units for dimensions in this file.
# Allowed values: mil/inch/mm
units = mil
# drill table
drillmap = {
# When mapping drill sizes, select the nearest size
# or always round up. Allowed values: up/nearest
round = up
# The list of vendor drill sizes. Units are as specified
# above.
20
28
35
38
42
52
59.5
86
125
152
# optional section for skipping mapping of certain elements
# based on reference designator, value, or description
# this is useful for critical parts where you may not
# want to change the drill size. Note that the strings
# are regular expressions.
skips = {
{refdes "^J3$"} # Skip J3.
{refdes "J3"} # Skip anything with J3 as part of the refdes.
{refdes "^U[1-3]$" "^X.*"} # Skip U1, U2, U3, and anything starting with X.
{value "^JOHNSTECH_.*"} # Skip all Johnstech footprints based on the value of a part.
{descr "^AMP_MICTOR_767054_1$"} # Skip based on the description.
}
}
# If specified, this section will change the current DRC
# settings for the design. Units are as specified above.
drc = {
copper_space = 7
copper_width = 7
silk_width = 10
copper_overlap = 4
}
The vendor resource is loaded using the LoadVendor action. This is invoked by entering:
:LoadVendor(vendorfile)
from within Pcb. Substitute the file name of your vendor
resource file for ‘vendorfile’. This action will load the vendor
resource and modify all the drill holes in the design as well as the
default via hole size for the various routing styles.
Once a vendor drill map has been loaded, new vias and elements will automatically have their drill hole sizes mapped to the vendor drill table. Automatic drill mapping may be disabled under the “Settings” menu. To re-apply an already loaded vendor drill table to a design, choose “Apply vendor drill mapping” from the “Connects” menu.
See Actions for a complete description of the actions associated with vendor drill mapping.
Note that the expressions used in the skips section are regular
expressions. See Regular Expressions for an introduction to
regular expressions.
The entering of user-commands is initiated by the action routine
Command() (the (":") character) and finished by either
<Key>Return
or <Key>Escape to confirm or to abort. These two key-bindings
cannot be changed from the resource file.
The triggering event, normally a key press, is ignored.
The input area will replace the bottom statusline. It pops
up when Command() is called. The arguments of the user-commands
are passed to the external commands without modification.
See also, the resource saveInTMP.
There are simple usage dialogs for each command and one for the complete set of commands.
Netlists are used for generating rat's nests (see Rats Nest) and for verifying the board layout (which is also accomplished by the Ratsnest command).
vi users and
have the same functionality as s combined with q.
There are several resources which may be set or reset in addition to the standard toolkit command-line options. For a complete list refer to Resources.
The synopsis is:
pcb [-option ...] [-toolkit_option ...] [layout-file]
or
pcb -specialoption
XBell() and
must be in the range -100..100.
There are some special options available in addition to normal command line options. Each of these must be the only option specified on a command line. The available special options are:
This chapter gives an overview about the additional X11 resources which
are defined by Pcb as well as the defined action routines.
In addition to the toolkit resources, Pcb defines the
following resources:
Pcb has an automatic backup feature which saves the current data
every n seconds. The default is 300 seconds. A value of zero disables
the feature. The backup file is named /tmp/PCB.%i.backup by
default (this may have been changed at compilation time via the
BACKUP_NAME
variable in globalconfig.h).
%i is replaced by the process ID.
See also, the command-line option -backup.
Pcb uses this value to determine the page width when creating lists.
N, the number of characters per line, defaults to 80.
See also, the command-line option -c.
X11 server because only
the colormap index is used in the boolean operation and Pcb doesn't
create its own colormap. The default setting is XtDefaultForeground.
Pcb uses a user defined command to read element files. This resources
is used to set the command which is executed by the users default shell.
Two escape sequences are defined to pass the selected filename (%f) and the
current search path (%p). The command must write the element data
to its standard output. The default value is
M4PATH="%p";export M4PATH;echo 'include(%f)' | m4
Using the GNU version of m4 is highly recommended.
See also, the command-line option -lelement.
cat %f
See also, the command-line option -lfile.
cat %f
See also, the command-line option -lfont.
X11 server because only
the colormap index is used in the boolean operation and Pcb doesn't
create its own colormap. The default setting is XtDefaultForeground.
Pcb uses a command to read element data from libraries.
The resources is used to set the command which is executed by the users
default shell. Three escape sequences are defined to pass the selected
filename (%f), the current search path (%p) as well (%a) as the three
parameters template, value and package to the command.
It must write the element data to its standard output. The default value is
NONE/share/pcb/oldlib/QueryLibrary.sh %p %f %a
Pcb uses the command specified
by this resource to list the contents of a library.
NONE/share/pcb/oldlib/ListLibraryContents.sh %p %f
is the default.
LIBRARYFILENAME variable in globalconfig.h.
MIN_LINESIZE and MAX_LINESIZE variables in
globalconfig.h), defines the
initial thickness of new lines. The value is preset to ten mil.
PostScript device. Predefined
values are a3, a4, a5, letter, tabloit,
ledger, legal, and executive.
The second way is to specify the medias width, height and margins in mil.
The resource defaults to a4 size unless changed at compile time
with the DEFAULT_MEDIASIZE variable in globalconfig.h.
%f in the string. It must read the data from
its standard input. The default command is:
cat - > %f
See also, the command-line option -sfile.
EMERGENCY_NAME variable in globalconfig.h.
.
%i is replaced by the process ID.
As an example, loading a new layout when the old one hasn't been saved would
use this resource.
See also, the command-line option -save, +save.
DEFAULT_SIZE variable in globalconfig.h.
MIN_PINORVIASIZE and MAX_PINEORVIASIZE variables in
globalconfig.h), with at least 20
mil of copper.
The default thickness is 40 mil and the default drilling hole is
20 mil.
XBell() which sets the volume of the X
speaker.
The value lies in the range -100..100 and it defaults to the maximum volume of
100.
Refer also to Command-Line Options.
All user accessible commands may be bound to almost any X event. Almost
no default binding for commands is done in the binaries, so it is vital for the
application that at least a system-wide application resource file exists.
This file normally resides in the share/pcb directory and
is called Pcb. The bindings to which the manual refers to are the
ones as defined by the shipped resource file. Besides binding an action to
an X11 event, you can also execute any action command using a ":" command
(see User Commands).
Take special care about translations related to the functions keys and the
pointer buttons because most of the window managers use them too.
Change the file according to your hardware/software environment.
You may have to replace all occurances of baseTranslations to
translations if you use a X11R4 server.
Passing Object as an argument to an action routine causes the object at the cursor location to be changed, removed or whatever. If more than one object is located at the cross hair position the smallest type is used. If there are two of the same type the newer one is taken. SelectedObjects will handle all selected and visible objects.
None<Key>w: AddRats(AllRats)
!Shift<Key>w: AddRats(SelectedRats)
None<Key>o: DeleteRats(AllRats) AddRats(AllRats)
!Shift<Key>o: DeleteRats(SelectedRats) AddRats(SelectedRats)
ApplyVendor()
!Mod1<Key>k: ChangeClearSize(Object, +2, mil)
!Mod1 Shift<Key>k: ChangeClearSize(Object, -2, mil)
!Mod1<Key>s: Change2ndSize(Object, +5, mil)
!Mod1 Shift<Key>s: Change2ndSize(Object, -5, mil)
:ChangeFlag(SelectedVias,thermal,1)
:ChangeFlag(SelectedPads,square,0)
!Ctrl<Key>h: ChangeHole(Object)
None<Key>n: ChangeName(Object)
!Ctrl<Key>o: ChangeOctagon(Object)
ChangePinName(U1, 14, VDD)
X event (or use :ChangeSize(...)). If value begins with
a + or - then the value will be added (or subtracted) from the current
size, otherwise the size is set equal to value. Range checking is
done to insure that none of the maximum/minimums of any size are violated.
If Object is passed then a single object at the cursor location is
changed. If any of the Selected arguments are passed then all selected
and visible objects of that type are changed. If the type being modified is
an element, then the thickness of the silkscreen lines defining the element
is changed.
unit is "mil" or "mm". If not specified the units will default
to the internal unit of 0.01 mil.
Default:
None<Key>s: ChangeSize(Object, +5)
!Shift<Key>s: ChangeSize(Object, -5)
None<Key>q: ChangeSquare(Object)
:ClrFlag(SelectedVias,thermal)
<Key>colon: Command()
!Shift<Key>c: Connection(Reset)
None<Key>f: Connection(Find)
!Shift<Key>f: Connection(Reset)
None<Key>e: DeleteRats(AllRats)
!Shift<Key>e: DeleteRats(SelectedRats)
DisableVendor()
DisperseElements(All)
Pcb is able to handle several labels of an element. One of them
is a description of the functionality (eg resistor), the second should be
a unique identifier (R1) whereas the last one is a value (100k).
The Display() action selects which of the names is displayed.
It also controls which name will be affected by the ChangeName command.
If ToggleGrid is passed, Pcb changes between relative
('rel' in the statusline) and absolute grid (an 'abs' in the statusline).
Relative grid means the pointer position when the command is issued is
used as the grid origin; while (0,0) is used in the absolute grid case.
Passing Pinout displays the pinout of the element at the current
cursor location whereas PinOrPadName toggles displaying of the
pins or pads name under the cursor. If none of them matches but the cursor
is inside of an element, the flags is toggled for all of its pins and pads.
For details about rubberbands see also the details about Mode.
Default:
None<Key>c: Display(Center)
None<Key>d: Display(PinOrPadName)
!Shift<Key>d: Display(Pinout)
None<Key>r: Display(ClearAndRedraw)
None<Key>.: Display(Toggle45Degree)
None<Key>/: Display(CycleClip)
:ExecuteFile(custom.cmd)
The command file contains a list of PCB actions. Blank lines are ignored and lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines. For example
# This is a comment line
Display(Grid)
SetValue(Zoom,2)
DRC()
EnableVendor()
LoadVendor(myvendor.res)
!Ctrl<key>m: MarkCrosshair()
Pcb is implemented by selecting a mode
and calling Mode(Notify). The arguments Line, Polygon,
Rectangle, Text and Via are used to create the
appropriate object whenever Mode(Notify) is called. Some of them,
such as Polygon, need more than one call for one object to be created.
InsertPoint adds points to existing polygons or lines.
Save and Restore are used to temporarily save the mode, switch
to another one, call Mode(Notify) and restore the saved one. Have
a look at the application resource file for examples.
Copy and Move modes are used to change an object's location and,
optionally, to create a new one. The first call of Mode(Notify) attaches
the object at the pointer location to the cross hair whereas the second
one drops it to the layout. The rubberband version of move performs the
move while overriding the current rubberband mode.
Passing PasteBuffer attaches the contents of the currently selected
buffer to the cross hair. Each call to Mode(Notify) pastes this contents
to the layout. Mode(Cycle) cycles through the modes available in the
mode-button pallet.
Mode(None) switches all modes off.
Default:
<Key>Escape: Mode(None)
<Key>space: Mode(Cycle)
None<Key>BackSpace: Mode(Save) Mode(Remove) Mode(Notify) Mode(Restore)
None<Key>Delete: Mode(Save) Mode(Remove) Mode(Notify) Mode(Restore)
None<Key>F1: Mode(Via)
None<Key>F2: Mode(Line)
None<Key>F3: Mode(PasteBuffer)
None<Key>F4: Mode(Rectangle)
None<Key>F5: Mode(Text)
None<Key>F6: Mode(Polygon)
None<Key>F7: Mode(Thermal)
None<Key>F8: Mode(Arc)
None<Key>Insert: Mode(InsertPoint)
None<Key>[: Mode(Save) Mode(Move) Mode(Notify)
None<Key>]: Mode(Notify) Mode(Restore)
None<Btn1>: Mode(Notify)
!Shift Ctrl<Btn1>: Mode(Save) Mode(Remove) Mode(Notify) Mode(Restore)
None<Btn2Down>: Mode(Save) Mode(Move) Mode(Notify)
None<Btn2Up>: Mode(Notify) Mode(Restore)
!Mod1<Btn2Down>: Mode(Save) Mode(Copy) Mode(Notify)
!Mod1<Btn2Up>: Mode(Notify) Mode(Restore)
Shift BTNMOD<Btn2Down>: Mode(Save) Mode(RubberbandMove) Mode(Notify)
X server's pointer follows because the necessary
events are generated by Pcb. All movements are performed with respect
to the currently set grid value.
Default:
None<Key>Up: MovePointer(0, -1)
!Shift<Key>Up: MovePointer(0, -10)
None<Key>Down: MovePointer(0, 1)
!Shift<Key>Down: MovePointer(0, 10)
None<Key>Right: MovePointer(1, 0)
!Shift<Key>Right: MovePointer(10, 0)
None<Key>Left: MovePointer(-1, 0)
!Shift<Key>Left: MovePointer(-10, 0)
None<Key>m: MoveToCurrentLayer(Object)
!Shift<Key>m: MoveToCurrentLayer(SelectedObjects)
!Ctrl<Key>x: PasteBuffer(Clear) PasteBuffer(AddSelected)
Mode(PasteBuffer)
!Shift Ctrl<Key>x: PasteBuffer(Clear) PasteBuffer(AddSelected)
RemoveSelected() Mode(PasteBuffer)
!Mod1<Key>c: PasteBuffer(Clear) PasteBuffer(AddSelected)
!Mod1<key>x: PasteBuffer(Clear) PasteBuffer(AddSelected)
RemoveSelected()
!Shift<Key>1: PasteBuffer(1)
!Shift<Key>2: PasteBuffer(2)
!Shift<Key>3: PasteBuffer(3)
!Shift<Key>4: PasteBuffer(4)
!Shift<Key>5: PasteBuffer(5)
None<Key>F3: Mode(PasteBuffer)
None<Key>p: Polygon(Close)
!Shift<Key>p: Polygon(Close)
POSIX (extension) 8.3 filename
---------------------------------------------
*_componentmask.* cmsk.*
*_componentsilk.* cslk.*
*_soldermask.* smsk.*
*_soldersilk.* sslk.*
*_drill.* dril.*
*_groundplane.* gpl.*
*_group[1..8].* [..8].*
The output may be sent to a post-processor by starting the filename with the
pipe ("|") character. Any "%f" in a command is replaced
with the current filename. The function is available from the file menu.
There are no defaults.
<Message>WM_PROTOCOLS: Quit()
!Shift<Key>r: Redo()
!Ctrl<Key>1: RouteStyle(1)
...
!Ctrl<Key>NUM_STYLES: RouteStyle(NUM_STYLES)
The variable NUM_STYLES is set at compile time in
globalconfig.h.
None<Btn3Down>: Select(ToggleObject)
None<Btn3Down>,None<Btn3Motion>: See resource file - this is complex
:SetFlag(Selected,thermal)
None<Key>g: SetValue(Grid, +5)
!Shift<Key>g: SetValue(Grid, -5)
None<Key>l: SetValue(LineSize, +5)
!Shift<Key>l: SetValue(LineSize, -5)
None<Key>t: SetValue(TextScale, +10)
!Shift<Key>t: SetValue(TextScale, -10)
None<Key>v: SetValue(ViaSize, +5)
!Shift<Key>v: SetValue(ViaSize, -5)
!Mod1<Key>v: SetValue(ViaDrillingHole, +5)
!Mod1 Shift<Key>v: SetValue(ViaDrillingHole, -5)
None<Key>z: SetValue(Zoom, -1)
!Shift<Key>z: SetValue(Zoom, +1)
None<Key>Tab: SwapSides()
None<Key>1: SwitchDrawingLayer(1)
...
None<Key>MAX_LAYER: SwitchDrawingLayer(MAX_LAYER)
None<Key>h: ToggleHideName(Object)
!Shift<Key>h: ToggleHideName(SelectedElements)
ToggleVendor()
Mod1<Key>1: ToggleVisibility(1)
Mod1<Key>2: ToggleVisibility(2)
Mod1<Key>3: ToggleVisibility(3)
Mod1<Key>4: ToggleVisibility(4)
Pcb allows you to recover
from most operations that materially affect you work.
Calling Undo() without any parameter recovers
from the last (non-undo) operation. ClearList is used to release the
allocated memory. ClearList is called whenever a new layout is started
or loaded. See also Redo.
Default:
None<Key>u: Undo()
!Shift Ctrl<Key>u: Undo(ClearList)
UnloadVendor()
!Shift <Btn3Down>: Mode(Save) Mode(None) Unselect(Block)
!Shift <Btn3Up>: Unselect(Block) Mode(Restore)
This section covers some default translations of key and button events as
defined in the shipped default application resource file. Most of them have
already been listed in Actions. Pcb makes use of a nice X11
feature; calling several action routines for one event.
All files used by Pcb are read from the standard output of a command
or written to the standard input of one as plain seven bit ASCII. This
makes it possible to use any editor to change the contents of a layout file.
It is the only way for element or font description files to be created.
To do so you'll need to study the example files example/* and
default_font which are shipped with Pcb.
For an overview refer to Intro.
The following sections provide the necessary information about the syntax of
the files.
Netlist files are not created by Pcb, but it does use them. For information
on the format of a netlist file see the :rn,
User Commands. Rat lines are added on the current layer using the current
The commands described allow you to add almost any additional
functionality you may need. Examples are compressed read and write access as
well as archives. The commands themselves are defined by the resources
elementCommand, fileCommand, fontCommand,
libraryCommand, libraryContentsCommand and saveCommand.
Note that the commands are not saved along with the data.
It is considered an advantage to have the layout file contain all necessary
information, independent of any other files.
One thing common to all files is they may include comments, newlines, and carriage returns at any place except within quoted strings.
Pads and lines (copper traces, silk screen lines, etc) are represented by the line end points and the aperture used to draw the line. It is important to understand this when creating the pads for a new footprint. The following figure illustrates a pad or line which is drawn using a square aperture. The end points (X0,Y0), (X1,Y1) specify the center of the aperture. The size parameter specifies the size of the aperture.
Pads and lines are represented in this way because this is how lines are specified in RS-274-X (Gerber) files which are used for creating the masks used in board manufacturing. In fact, older mask making equipment created lines in precisely this fashion. A physical aperture was used to pass light through onto a photosensitive film.
The layout file describes a complete layout including symbols, vias,
elements and layers with lines, rectangles and text. This is the most
complex file of all. As Pcb has evolved, the file format has
changed several times to accommodate new features. Pcb has
always been able to read all older versions of the .pcb file.
This allows the migration of older designs to newer versions of the
program. Obviously older versions of Pcb will not be able
to properly read layout files stored in newer versions of the file
format.
In practice it is very common for footprint libraries to contain
elements which have been defined in various versions of the Pcb
file format. When faced with trying to understand an element file or
layout file which includes syntax not defined here, the best approach
is to examine the file src/parse_y.y which is the definitive
definition of the file format.
The PCB layout file contains the following contents, in this order (individual items are defined in File Syntax:
PCBGridCursorFlagsGroupsStylesSymbolsVias, Rats, Layers, and ElementsNetlists
Element files are used to describe one component which then may be used
several times within one or more layouts. You will normally split the
file into two parts, one for the pinout and one for the package description.
Using m4 allows you to define pin names as macros in one file and
include a package description file which evaluates the macros. See
the resource elementCommand for more information. The pins (and pads)
must appear in sequential order in the element file (new in 1.5) so that
pin 1 must be the first PIN(...) in the file.
Doing things this way makes it possible to use one package file for several different circuits. See the sample files dil*.
The lowest x and y coordinates of all sub-objects of an element are used as an attachment point for the cross hair cursor of the main window, unless the element has a mark, in which case that's the attachment point.
A number of user defined Symbols are called a font. There is only one per layout. All symbols are made of lines. See the file default_font as an example.
The lowest x and y coordinates of all lines of a font are transformed to (0,0).
Netlists read by Pcb must have this simple text form:
netname [style] NAME-PINNUM NAME2-PINNUM2 NAME3-PINNUM3 ... [\]
for each net on the layout.
where "netname" is the name of the net which must be unique for each
net, [style] is an optional route-style name,
NAME is the layout-name name given to an element,
and PINNUM is the (usually numeric)
pin number of the element that connects to the net
(for details on pin numbering see Element Objects).
Spaces or tabs separate the fields.
If the line ends with a "\" the
net continues on the next line and the "\" is treated exactly as if it
were a space. If a NAME ends with a lower-case letter,
all lower-case letters are stripped from the end of the NAME to determine the
matching layout-name name. For example:
Data U1-3 U2abc-4 FLOP1a-7 Uabc3-A9
specifies that the net called "Data" should have pin 3 of U1 connected to pin 4 of U2, to pin 7 of FLOP1 and to pin A9 of Uabc3. Note that element name and pin number strings are case-sensitive. It is up to you to name the elements so that their layout-name names agrees with the netlist.
There is nothing like a special library format. The ones that have been
introduced in 1.4.1 just use some nice (and time consuming) features of GNU
m4. The only predefined format is the one of the contents file
which is read during startup. It is made up of two basic line types:
menu entry = "TYPE="name
contents line = template":"package":"value":"description
name = String
template = String
package = String
value = String
description = String
String = <anything except ":", "\n" and "\r">
No leading white spaces or comments are allowed in this file. If you need either one, define a command that removes them before loading. Have a look to the libraryContentsCommand resource.
The menu entry will appear in the selection menu at the top and of the library window.
This section provides an overview about the existing m4 definitions
of the elements. There are basically two different types of files. One
to define element specific data like the pinout, package and so on, the
other to define the values. For example the static RAM circuits 43256 and
62256 are very similar. They therefore share a common definition in the
macro file but are defined with two different value labels.
The macro file entry:
define(`Description_43256_dil', `SRAM 32Kx8')
define(`Param1_43256_dil', 28)
define(`Param2_43256_dil', 600)
define(`PinList_43256_dil', ``pin1', `pin2', ...')
And the list file:
43256_dil:N:43256:62256
The macro must define a description, the pin list and up to two additional parameters that are passed to the package definitions. The first one is the number of pins whereas the second one defines for example the width of a package.
It is very important to select a unique identifier for each macro. In the example this would be 43256_dil which is also the templates name. It is required by some low-level macros that Description_, Param1_, Param2_ and PinList_ are perpended.
The list file uses a syntax:
template:package:value[:more values]
This means that the shown example will create two element entries with the same package and pinout but with different names.
A number of packages are defined in common.m4. Included are:
DIL packages with suffix D, DW, J, JD, JG, N, NT, P
PLCC
TO3
generic connectors
DIN 41.612 connectors
zick-zack (SD suffix)
15 pin multiwatt
If you are going to start your own library please take care about m4
functions. Be aware of quoting and so on and, most important check your
additional entry by calling the macro:
CreateObject(`template', `value', `package suffix')
If quoting is incorrect an endless loop may occur (broken by a out-of-memory message).
The scripts in the lib directory handle the creation of libraries as well as of their contents files. Querying is also supported.
I know quite well that this description of the library implementation is not what some out there expect. But in my opinion it's much more useful to look at the comments and follow the macros step by step.
A special note about units: Older versions of pcb used mils
(1/1000 inch) as the base unit; a value of 500 in the file meant
half an inch. Newer versions uses a "high resolution" syntax,
where the base unit is 1/100 of a mil (0.000010 inch); a value of 500 in
the file means 5 mils. As a general rule, the variants of each entry
listed below which use square brackets are the high resolution formats
and use the 1/100 mil units, and the ones with parentheses are the older
variants and use 1 mil units. Note that when multiple variants
are listed, the most recent (and most preferred) format is the first
listed.
Symbolic and numeric flags (SFlags and NFlags) are described in Object Flags.
Arc [X Y Width Height Thickness Clearance StartAngle DeltaAngle SFlags] Arc (X Y Width Height Thickness Clearance StartAngle DeltaAngle NFlags) Arc (X Y Width Height Thickness StartAngle DeltaAngle NFlags) |
Attribute ("Name" "Value")
|
Attributes allow boards and elements to have arbitrary data attached to them, which is not directly used by PCB itself but may be of use by other programs or users.
Connect ("PinPad")
|
"U14-7" for
pin 7 of U14, or "T4-E" for pin E of T4.
Cursor [X Y Zoom] Cursor (X Y Zoom) |
DRC [Bloat Shrink Line Silk Drill Ring] DRC [Bloat Shrink Line Silk] DRC [Bloat Shrink Line] |
Element [SFlags "Desc" "Name" "Value" MX MY TX TY TDir TScale TSFlags] (
Element (NFlags "Desc" "Name" "Value" MX MY TX TY TDir TScale TNFlags) (
Element (NFlags "Desc" "Name" "Value" TX TY TDir TScale TNFlags) (
Element (NFlags "Desc" "Name" TX TY TDir TScale TNFlags) (
Element ("Desc" "Name" TX TY TDir TScale TNFlags) (
... contents ...
)
|
Elements may contain pins, pads, element lines, element arcs, attributes, and (for older elements) an optional mark. Note that element definitions that have the mark coordinates in the element line, only support pins and pads which use relative coordinates. The pin and pad coordinates are relative to the mark. Element definitions which do not include the mark coordinates in the element line, may have a Mark definition in their contents, and only use pin and pad definitions which use absolute coordinates.
ElementArc [X Y Width Height StartAngle DeltaAngle Thickness] ElementArc (X Y Width Height StartAngle DeltaAngle Thickness) |
ElementLine [X1 Y1 X2 Y2 Thickness] ElementLine (X1 Y1 X2 Y2 Thickness) |
FileVersion[Version] |
Any version of pcb build from sources equal to or newer than this number should be able to read the file. If this line is not present in the input file then file format compatibility is not checked.
Flags(Number) |
/* %start-doc pcbfile PCB
PCB ["Name" Width Height]
PCB ("Name" Width Height]
PCB ("Name")
|
If you don't specify the size of the board, a very large default is chosen.
Grid [Step OffsetX OffsetY Visible] Grid (Step OffsetX OffsetY Visible) Grid (Step OffsetX OffsetY) |
Groups("String")
|
1..N for each layer, and
the letters c or s representing the component side and
solder side of the board. Including c or s marks that
group as being the top or bottom side of the board.
Groups("1,2,c:3:4:5,6,s:7,8")
Layer (LayerNum "Name") ( ... contents ... ) |
Line [X1 Y1 X2 Y2 Thickness Clearance SFlags] Line (X1 Y1 X2 Y2 Thickness Clearance NFlags) Line (X1 Y1 X2 Y2 Thickness NFlags) |
Mark [X Y] Mark (X Y) |
Net ("Name" "Style") (
... connects ...
)
|
Netlist ( ) ( ... nets ... ) |
Pad [rX1 rY1 rX2 rY2 Thickness Clearance Mask "Name" "Number" SFlags] Pad (rX1 rY1 rX2 rY2 Thickness Clearance Mask "Name" "Number" NFlags) Pad (aX1 aY1 aX2 aY2 Thickness "Name" "Number" NFlags) Pad (aX1 aY1 aX2 aY2 Thickness "Name" NFlags) |
Pin [rX rY Thickness Clearance Mask Drill "Name" "Number" SFlags] Pin (rX rY Thickness Clearance Mask Drill "Name" "Number" NFlags) Pin (aX aY Thickness Drill "Name" "Number" NFlags) Pin (aX aY Thickness Drill "Name" NFlags) Pin (aX aY Thickness "Name" NFlags) |
PolyArea [Area] |
Polygon (SFlags) ( ... (X Y) ... ... [X Y] ... ) |
Rat [X1 Y1 Group1 X2 Y2 Group2 SFlags] Rat (X1 Y1 Group1 X2 Y2 Group2 NFlags) |
Styles("String")
|
pcb knows about. The four styles
are separated by colons. Each style consists of five parameters as follows:
Styles("Signal,10,40,20:Power,25,60,35:Fat,40,60,35:Skinny,8,36,20")
Styles["Logic,1000,3600,2000,1000:Power,2500,6000,3500,1000:
Line,4000,6000,3500,1000:Breakout,600,2402,1181,600"]
Note that strings in actual files cannot span lines; the above example is split across lines only to make it readable.
Symbol [Char Delta] ( Symbol (Char Delta) ( ... symbol lines ... ) |
SymbolLine [X1 Y1 X2 Y1 Thickness] SymbolLine (X1 Y1 X2 Y1 Thickness) |
Text [X Y Direction Scale "String" SFlags] Text (X Y Direction Scale "String" NFlags) Text (X Y Direction "String" NFlags) |
Thermal [Scale] |
Via [X Y Thickness Clearance Mask Drill "Name" SFlags] Via (X Y Thickness Clearance Mask Drill "Name" NFlags) Via (X Y Thickness Clearance Drill "Name" NFlags) Via (X Y Thickness Drill "Name" NFlags) Via (X Y Thickness "Name" NFlags) |
Note that object flags can be given numerically (like 0x0147)
or symbolically (like "found,showname,square". Some numeric
values are reused for different object types. The table below lists
the numeric value followed by the symbolic name.
0x0001 pin0x0002 via0x0004 foundFindConnection().
0x0008 hole0x0010 rat0x0010 pininpoly0x0010 clearpoly0x0010 hidename0x0020 showname0x0020 clearline0x0020 fullpoly0x0040 selected0x0080 onsolder0x0080 auto0x0100 square0x0200 rubberend0x0200 warn0x0400 usetherm0x04000x0800 octagon0x1000 drc0x2000 lock0x4000 edge20x8000 marker0x10000 nopaste0x000010x000020x000040x000080x000100x000200x000400x000800x001000x002000x004000x008000x010000x020000x040000x080000x100000x20000
This chapter provides a detailed look at how footprint libraries are
created and used. The chapter is split into two section, the first
section covers the "old" style libraries which use the m4 macro
processor and the second section covers the "new" style libraries.
Despite the names "old" and "new", both styles of libraries are useful
and the "old" style should not be discounted because of its name. The
advantage of the old style libraries is that one can define a family of
footprints, say a DIP package, and then quickly produce all the members
of that family. Because the individual packages make use of a base
definition, corrections made to the base definition propagate to all the
members of a family. The primary drawback to using this library
approach is that the effort to create a single footprint is more than a
graphical interface and may take even longer if the user has not used
the m4 macro language previously.
The new style of footprint libraries stores each footprint in its own file. The footprints are created graphically by placing pads and then converting a group of pads to a component. This library method has the advantage of being quick to learn and it is easily to build single footprints quickly. If you are building a family of parts, however, the additional effort in creating each one individually makes this approach undesirable. In addition, creating a part with a large pin count can be quite tedious when done by hand.
The old style libraries for pcb use the m4 macro processor to
allow the definition of a family of parts. There are several files
associated with the old style library. The file common.m4 is the
top level file associated with the library. common.m4 defines a
few utility macros which are used by other portions of the library,
and then includes a predefined set of library files (the lines like
include(geda.inc)).
The big picture view of the old style library system is that the library
is simply a collection of macro definitions. The macros are written in
the m4 macro language. An example of a macro and what it expands
to is the following. One of the predefined footprints in the library
which comes with PCB is the PKG_SO8 macro. Note that all the
footprint macros begin with PKG_. For this particular example,
PKG_SO8 is a macro for an 8-pin small outline surface mount
package. All of the footprint macros take 3 arguments. The first is the
canonical name of the footprint on the board. In this case "SO8" is an
appropriate name. The second argument is the reference designator on
the board such as "U1" or "U23". The third and final argument is the
value. For an integrated circuit this is usually the part number such
as "MAX4107" or "78L05" and for a component such as a resistor or
capacitor it is the resistance or capacitance. The complete call to the
macro in our example is ‘PKG_SO8(SO8, U1, MAX4107)’. When
processed by m4 using the macros defined in the PCB library, this
macro expands to
Element(0x00 "SO8" "U1" "MAX4107" 146 50 3 100 0x00)
(
Pad(10 25 38 25 20 "1" 0x00)
Pad(10 75 38 75 20 "2" 0x100)
Pad(10 125 38 125 20 "3" 0x100)
Pad(10 175 38 175 20 "4" 0x100)
Pad(214 175 242 175 20 "5" 0x100)
Pad(214 125 242 125 20 "6" 0x100)
Pad(214 75 242 75 20 "7" 0x100)
Pad(214 25 242 25 20 "8" 0x100)
ElementLine(0 0 151 0 10)
ElementArc(126 0 25 25 0 180 10)
ElementLine(101 0 252 0 10)
ElementLine(252 0 252 200 10)
ElementLine(252 200 0 200 10)
ElementLine(0 200 0 0 10)
Mark(29 25)
)
which is the actual definition of the footprint that the PCB program
works with. As a user of PCB the only time you will need or want to run
m4 directly is when you are debugging a new library addition. In
normal operation, the calls to m4 are made by helper scripts that
come with PCB.
Tools such as gsch2pcb (used to interface the gEDA schematic
capture program to PCB layout) will call m4 to produce an initial
PCB layout that includes all the components on a schematic. In
addition, when manually instantiating parts from within PCB, m4
will be called by PCB's helper scripts to produce the footprints.
There are several scripts that are used for processing the m4 libraries. This section briefly describes these scripts and details how they are used by PCB.
The scripts described in this section are used during compilation of
PCB. They are run automatically by the build system, but are described
here to help document the complete library processing that occurs.
During the build of PCB, the following actions are taken. The
CreateLibrary.sh script is run to produce an M4 "frozen file".
This frozen file is simply a partially processed M4 input file which can
be loaded by M4 more quickly than the original input file.
A typical call to CreateLibrary.sh used during the compilation of
PCB is:
./CreateLibrary.sh -I . pcblib ./common.m4 TTL_74xx_DIL.m4
connector.m4 crystal.m4 generic.m4 genericsmt.m4 gtag.m4
jerry.m4 linear.m4 logic.m4 lsi.m4 memory.m4 optical.m4 pci.m4
resistor_0.25W.m4 resistor_adjust.m4 resistor_array.m4
texas_inst_amplifier.m4 texas_inst_voltage_reg.m4
transistor.m4 geda.m4
The ‘-I .’ says to search in the current directory for the .m4 files. The output frozen file is pcblib. The main common.m4 file is listed as well as all of the *.m4 files which define the components in the library.
In addition, a library contents file is created during the build with
the CreateLibraryContents.sh script.
A typical call to CreateLibrary.sh used during the compilation of
PCB is:
./CreateLibraryContents.sh -I . ./common.m4 TTL_74xx_DIL.list
connector.list crystal.list generic.list genericsmt.list gtag.list
jerry.list linear.list logic.list lsi.list memory.list optical.list
pci.list resistor_0.25W.list resistor_adjust.list resistor_array.list
texas_inst_amplifier.list texas_inst_voltage_reg.list transistor.list
geda.list > pcblib.contents
The pcblib.contents file is used by the PCB program to define the libraries and components which will be displayed when you bring up the library window from within PCB. An example of part of the pcblib.contents file is:
TYPE=~TTL 74xx DIL
7400_dil:N:7400:4 dual-NAND
7401_dil:N:7401:4 dual-NAND OC
7402_dil:N:7402:4 dual-NOR
TYPE=~geda
geda_DIP6:DIP6:DIP6:Dual in-line package, narrow (300 mil)
geda_DIP8:DIP8:DIP8:Dual in-line package, narrow (300 mil)
geda_DIP14:DIP14:DIP14:Dual in-line package, narrow (300 mil)
geda_ACY300:ACY300:ACY300:Axial non-polar component,
The TYPE= lines define the library name that will show up in the
library window in PCB. The other lines define the actual components in
the library.
When PCB is first executed, it makes a call to the
ListLibraryContents.sh script. This script provides the PCB
program with the contents of the library contents file created when PCB
was compiled. A typical call to ListLibraryContents.sh is
../lib/ListLibraryContents.sh .:/tmp/pcb-20030903/src/../lib pcblib
This command says to search the path ‘.:/tmp/pcb-20030903/src/../lib’ for a file called pcblib.contents (the .contents part is added automatically) and display the contents of the file. PCB parses this output and generates the library window entries.
When you pick a library component from the library window, PCB calls the
QueryLibrary.sh script to actually pull the footprint into the
layout. For example, when the ACY300 component is selected from the
~geda library, the generated call may be:
/tmp/pcb-20030903/src/../lib/QueryLibrary.sh
.:/tmp/pcb-20030903/src/../lib pcblib geda_ACY300 ACY300
ACY300
If you were to run this command by hand you would see the PCB code for the element:
Element(0x00 "Axial non-polar component," "" "ACY300" 245 70 0 100 0x00)
(
Pin(0 25 50 20 "1" 0x101)
Pin(300 25 50 20 "2" 0x01)
ElementLine(0 25 75 25 10)
ElementLine(225 25 300 25 10)
ElementLine(75 0 225 0 10)
ElementLine(225 0 225 50 10)
ElementLine(225 50 75 50 10)
ElementLine(75 50 75 0 10)
# ElementArc(X1 Y 50 50 270 180 10)
# ElementArc(X2 Y 50 50 90 180 10)
Mark(75 25)
)
This section provides a complete example of defining a family of footprints using the M4 style library. As a vehicle for this example, a family of footprints for surface mount resistors and capacitors will be developed. The file example.inc should have been installed on your system as $prefix/share/examples/oldlib/example.inc where $prefix is often times /usr/local.
The example.inc file defines a macro called
COMMON_PKG_RCSMT which is a generic definition for a surface
mount footprint with two identical, rectangular pads. This macro will
be called with different parameters to fill out the family of parts.
The arguments to the COMMON_PKG_RCSMT are:
# -------------------------------------------------------------------
# the definition for surface mount resistors and capacitors
# $1: canonical name
# $2: name on PCB
# $3: value
# $4: pad width (in direction perpendicular to part)
# $5: pad length (in direction parallel with part)
# $6: pad spacing (center to center)
# $7: distance from edge of pad to silk (in direction
# perpendicular to part)
# $8: distance from edge of pad to silk (in direction parallel
# with part)
# $9: Set to "no" to skip silk screen on the sides of the part
define(`COMMON_PKG_RCSMT',
`define(`XMIN', `eval( -1*`$6'/2 - `$5'/2 - `$8')')
define(`XMAX', `eval( `$6'/2 + `$5'/2 + `$8')')
define(`YMIN', `eval(-1*`$4'/2 - `$7')')
define(`YMAX', `eval( `$4'/2 + `$7')')
Element(0x00 "$1" "$2" "$3" eval(XMIN+20) eval(YMAX+20) 0 100 0x00)
(
ifelse(0, eval($4>$5),
# Pads which have the perpendicular pad dimension less
# than or equal to the parallel pad dimension
Pad(eval(-1*( $6 + $5 - $4)/2) 0
eval((-1*$6 + $5 - $4)/2) 0 eval($4) "1" 0x100)
Pad(eval(-1*(-1*$6 + $5 - $4)/2) 0
eval(( $6 + $5 - $4)/2) 0 eval($4) "2" 0x100)
,
# Pads which have the perpendicular pad dimension greater
# than or equal to the parallel pad dimension
Pad(eval(-1*$6/2) eval(-1*($4 - $5)/2)
eval(-1*$6/2) eval(($4 - $5)/2) eval($5) "1" 0x100)
Pad(eval( $6/2) eval(-1*($4 - $5)/2)
eval( $6/2) eval(($4 - $5)/2) eval($5) "2" 0x100)
)
# silk screen
# ends
ElementLine(XMIN YMIN XMIN YMAX 10)
ElementLine(XMAX YMAX XMAX YMIN 10)
# sides
ifelse($9,"no",
#skip side silk
,
ElementLine(XMIN YMIN XMAX YMIN 10)
ElementLine(XMAX YMAX XMIN YMAX 10)
)
Mark(0 0)
)')
Note that the part has been defined with the mark located at
(0,0) and that the pads have been placed with the mark at the
common centroid of the footprint. While not a requirement, this is
highly desirable when developing a library that will need to interface
with a pick and place machine used for factory assembly of a board.
The final part of example.inc defines particular versions of the generic footprint we have created. These particular versions correspond to various industry standard package sizes.
# 0402 package
#
# 30x30 mil pad, 15 mil metal-metal spacing=>
# 15 + 15 + 15 = 45 center-to-center
define(`PKG_RC0402',
`COMMON_PKG_RCSMT(`$1', `$2', `$3', 30, 30, 45, 0, 10, "no")')
# 0603 package
#
# 40x40 mil pad, 30 mil metal-metal spacing=>
# 30 + 20 + 20 = 70 center-to-center
define(`PKG_RC0603',
`COMMON_PKG_RCSMT(`$1', `$2', `$3', 40, 40, 70, 10, 10)')
# 1206 package
#
# 40x60 mil pad, 90 mil metal-metal spacing=>
# 90 + 20 + 20 = 130 center-to-center
define(`PKG_RC1206',
`COMMON_PKG_RCSMT(`$1', `$2', `$3', 60, 40, 130, 10, 10)')
At this point, the example.inc file could be used by third party
tools such as gsch2pcb. However to fully integrate our
footprints into PCB we need to create the example.m4 and
example.list files. The example.m4 file defines
descriptions for the new footprints.
define(`Description_my_RC0402',
``Standard SMT resistor/capacitor (0402)'')
define(`Description_my_RC0603',
``Standard SMT resistor/capacitor (0603)'')
define(`Description_my_RC1206',
``Standard SMT resistor/capacitor (1206)'')
Finally we need to create the example.list file.
my_RC0402:RC0402:RES0402
my_RC0402:RC0402:CAP0402
my_RC0603:RC0603:RES0603
my_RC0603:RC0603:CAP0603
my_RC1206:RC1206:RES1206
my_RC1206:RC1206:CAP1206
The first field in the list file has the name corresponding to the
Description definitions in example.m4. The second field is the
template name which corresponds to the macros PKG_* we defined in
example.inc with the leading PKG_ removed. It is the
second field which controls what footprint will actually appear on the
board. The final
field is the name of the part type on the board. The first line in our
example.list file will produce a menu entry in the library window
that reads:
CAP0402, Standard SMT resistor/capacitor (0402)
The CAP0402 portion comes directly from the third field in
example.list and the longer description comes from descriptions
macros in example.m4. Please note that any extra white space
at the end of a line in the .list files will cause them to
not work properly.
A powerful technique to help debug problems with libraries is to invoke
the m4 processor directly. This approach will provide error
output which is not visible from within PCB. The following example
shows how one might try to debug an 8 pin small outline (SO8) package. The
macro name for the package is PKG_SO8. In this example, the
canonical name that is to be associated with the part is SO8, the
reference designator is U1, and the value is MAX4107 (the part number).
echo "PKG_SO8(SO8, U1, MAX4107)" | \
gm4 common.m4 - | \
awk '/^[ \t]*$/ {next} {print}' | \
more
The awk call simply removes blank lines which make the output
hard to read.
For this particular example, the output is:
Element(0x00 "SO8" "U1" "MAX4107" 146 50 3 100 0x00)
(
Pad(10 25 38 25 20 "1" 0x00)
Pad(10 75 38 75 20 "2" 0x100)
Pad(10 125 38 125 20 "3" 0x100)
Pad(10 175 38 175 20 "4" 0x100)
Pad(214 175 242 175 20 "5" 0x100)
Pad(214 125 242 125 20 "6" 0x100)
Pad(214 75 242 75 20 "7" 0x100)
Pad(214 25 242 25 20 "8" 0x100)
ElementLine(0 0 151 0 10)
ElementArc(126 0 25 25 0 180 10)
ElementLine(101 0 252 0 10)
ElementLine(252 0 252 200 10)
ElementLine(252 200 0 200 10)
ElementLine(0 200 0 0 10)
Mark(29 25)
)
Footprints for the new style library are created graphically using the PCB program. A single footprint is saved in each file.
To create
Pcb program, instantiate the footprint you wish to modify.
When designing a circuit board of any complexity, a schematic capture front-end for the design is highly desired. Any schematic capture program which is able to generate a netlist in a user defined format as well as a bill of materials can be made to work with PCB. Currently, we are aware of two freely available schematic capture programs which can interface with PCB. This chapter shows how a design can be taken from start to finish using either of these two tools for schematic capture and PCB for layout.
This section shows how to use gEDA as the schematic capture front-end for a PCB design. This section is not intended to be complete documentation on gEDA and it is assumed that the user has at least some familiarity with the gEDA suite of programs.
The basic steps in a gEDA + PCB design flow are:
gschem (part of gEDA)
gsch2pcb (part of gEDA)
pcb
gschem and
forward annotate to PCB with gsch2pcb
Although not required, a typical project directory will contain the schematics and board layout at the top level. Schematic symbols and circuit board footprints which are unique to this project are stored in subdirectories. For this example, sym contains the project specific schematic symbols and pkg contains the project specific footprints. Set up the project subdirectory and subdirectories by executing:
mkdir ~/myproj
cd ~/myproj
mkdir sym
mkdir pkg
mkdir pkg/newlib
mkdir pkg/m4
The gEDA tools, specifically gschem and gnetlist, use
configuration files to set the search path for symbol libraries in
addition to other user preferences. Create a file in the top level
project directory called gschemrc. Add the following lines to
that file:
;; list libraries here. Order matters as it sets the
;; search order
(component-library "./sym")
This sets the local search path for the schematic capture program
gschem. Now the netlister, gnetlist, must also be
configured. This can be done by copying the file gschemrc to
gnetlistrc by running ‘cp gschemrc gnetlistrc’.
Alternatively, you can create a soft link so only a single file needs to
be updated if additional symbol paths are added. The link is created by
running ‘ln -s gschemrc gnetlistrc’.
gsch2pcb Config FilesThe program gsch2pcb, not to be confused with the older
gschem2pcb script, is used to link the schematic to layout.
gsch2pcb is responsible for creating the netlist used to provide
connectivity information to PCB as well creating an initial layout with
all components instantiated in the design. Forward annotation of
schematic changes to the layout is also done using gsch2pcb.
gsch2pcb uses a project file to set up the schematic file names,
PCB library locations, and output file names. Create a project file
called project using the following as an example:
# List all the schematics to be netlisted
# and laid out on the pc board.
schematics first.sch second.sch third.sch
# For an output-name of foo, gsch2pcb generates files
# foo.net, foo.pcb, and foo.new.pcb. If there is no
# output-name specified, the file names are derived from
# the first listed schematic, i.e. first.net, etc.
output-name preamp
gschemThis section is fairly brief and assumes familiarity with using the
gschem schematic capture program. As you are creating your
schematics, be sure to observe the following rules:
footprint attribute that corresponds to a footprint in the PCB
library or a footprint you plan on creating.
refdes_renum script (part of gEDA) after the
schematics are created.
Create the new footprints you design needs using either the m4 style or newlib style of PCB libraries. Refer to Library Creation for details on this process. For m4 style footprints, store them in the pkg/m4 subdirectory and for newlib footprints, store them in the pkg/newlib subdirectory.
gsch2pcbThe gsch2pcb program connects the schematic and layout. It basic
operation is to call gnetlist to generate the connectivity
netlist that PCB used to verify connectivity and to instantiate all
elements found in the schematic to a new layout.
The default, as of gsch2pcb version 0.9, is to use any found m4
style parts first and then search for newlib style if no old style part
was found. By using the --use-files or -f flag to gsch2pcb
priority is given to newlib style parts even if m4 style are found. You
may wish to verify this in the gsch2pcb documentation in case
this changes in the future.
To start your layout,
run ‘gsch2pcb project’ where project is the project file
created previously. This will create a new netlist file,
preamp.net, and a new layout file, preamp.pcb.
Run PCB on the new layout by running ‘pcb preamp.pcb’. Load the netlist file by selecting "load netlist file" from the "file" menu. In the file selection dialog box, choose preamp.net. This loads connectivity information into PCB.
Using the selection tool, grab and move apart the various footprints with the middle mouse button. Once the parts are moved apart from each other, choose "optimize rats-nest" from the "Connects" menu. This menu choice will display and optimize the rats nest. Use the rats nest to help guide placement of the parts. You may wish to re-run the "optimize rats-nest" command after moving parts around.
After the placement is complete, use the line tool to add traces to the board. As traces are added, the corresponding rats line will disappear.
If schematic changes are made after the layout has started,
gsch2pcb can be used to forward annotate these changes to the
layout. To forward annotate schematic changes, run ‘gsch2pcb
project’. This command will create the files preamp.new.pcb,
preamp.net, and modify the file preamp.pcb. The
modifications to preamp.pcb include forward annotation of
schematic component value changes, adds any new components, and removes
any deleted components.
After the layout is complete, choose "edit layer-groupings" from the "Settings" menu. The LayerGroups form lets you specify which layers will appear in each output layer group. For example, in the default form, layer group 1 has "front" and "front side" in it. The output file 1.gbr if DOS file names are used, or somename_front.gbr if long file names are used will contain the "front" and "front side" layers in it. Usually the defaults are sufficient, but this form is still a useful reference.
Choose "print layout..." from the "File" menu. In the print dialog box, select "Gerber/RS-274X" for the device driver. Select the "outline", "alignment", and "drillhelper" options. To get DOS compatible file names, select the "DOS (8.3) names" option, otherwise enter "preamp" for the filename. Press "OK".
The following output files should have been created in the project directory. The names in parentheses correspond to the DOS compatible output file names.
If anyone cares to contribute this section, it will get added. Please submit changes to the bug tracking system at the sourceforge project page for PCB which can be found from the PCB homepage at http://pcb.sourceforge.net.
Compiling and installing the package should be straightforward. If any problems occur, please contact the author Thomas.Nau@rz.uni-ulm.de, or the current maintainer haceaton@aplcomm.jhuapl.edu to find a solution and include it into the next release.
This section covers the steps which are necessary to compile the package.
Starting with version 2.0, Pcb has switched to a GNU
autoconf/automake build system. Installation of Pcb consists of
three steps: configuration, building, and installing.
In a typical installation, these steps are as simple as
./configure
make
make install
The configure script accepts all of the standard GNU configure
options. For a complete list of configuration options, run
./configure --help.
If you find things which must be changed to compile on your system, please add the appropriate autoconf tests (if you are familiar with that) and mail a copy to the maintainer, harry eaton, at haceaton@aplcomm.jhuapl.edu.
If you do not have the appropriate permissions you should run
./pcbtest.sh in the src directory to run Pcb from
the installation directory.
There are some known problems. Most of them are related to
missing parts of a standard X11 distribution. Some others are caused by
third party applications such as X servers. To make this list more
complete please mail your problems and, if available, solutions to the author.
The mail address may be found at the beginning of this chapter.
In any case, read X11.
By the way, you MUST HAVE AN ANSI COMPILER to make Pcb work.
Another source of problems are older versions of flex and bison.
Pcb definitely works with flex-2.4.7 and bison-1.22 or
later. The problems will result in a syntax error while parsing files.
This should only be a problem if you have modified the flex or
bison input files.
The following list gives you just an idea because I'm not able to test
all Pcb releases on all platforms.
You have to install several X11 include files
or, better, install a complete X11R5 release. Hewlett-Packard doesn't
support the Athena Widgets. So the header files and libraries are missing
from the application media, but they are available as a patch.
They also do not ship the ANSI compiler with the normal operating
system release so you have to buy one or use GCC.
Some of the tools are available as patches.
In addition, Pcb has been successfully tested on these platforms with
HPUX 9.*, 10.* running self-compiled X11R5.
There are no known problems with Sun machines if they use X11R5 instead
of OpenWindows. Pcb compiled successfully with all kinds of
SPARCstations Solaris-2.[345].
For problems with OpenWindows refer to X11.
Pcb has been tested on some boxes running either IRIX-4.0.5 or
IRIX-5.3. The former one uses a X11R4 server.
There are no problems.
For known problems
with X11R4, see X11.
Pcb compiled and runs without problems on DEC UNIX V3.2c.
John DuBois <spcecdt@deeptht.armory.com> wrote:
SCO-ODT-3.0 requires the latest version of tls003, the Athena
widget library (available from sosco.sco.com). The main problems
I have encountered are it core dumps fairly often, especially
while loading/dropping elements...
I'll see what I am able to do as soon as I have access to an SCO system.
Since the X11 version of Pcb has been developed on a Linux
system here are no known problems.
Pcb has been tested on NetBSD and works without any problems.
You may also be able to find a NetBSD package at
ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/cad/pcb/README.html or a
FreeBSD port at
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/cad/pcb/pkg-descr.
There are a some problems related to X11R4 or systems derived from
X11 such as OpenWindows. See Sun. You at least have to change
all occurances of baseTranslations in the resource files to
translations if you are using a X11R4 server. Look at the
X11R5 Intrinsics manual for details.
The panner widget (print dialog box) appears only in release X11R5 and
later. It really simplifies adjusting the offsets.
With earlier releases the printout will always appear in the center of the
page.
You may have some problems in a mixed X11-OpenWindows
environment.
Pcb has been tested successfully with X11R6 under Linux 1.1.59
and later.
If your TeX installation complains about a missing texinfo.tex
file copy the one included in this release (directory doc
to your TeX macro directory.
Note, there are probably newer versions of this file available from some
FTP sites.
TeX-3.0 failed, TeX-3.14 worked just fine. Check our FTP server
ftp.uni-ulm.de for ready-to-print versions of the manuals.
The menu system is driven off a data file that contains resources. A resource is a hierarchical description of a data tree which, in this case, is mapped to the hierarchical menus used by Pcb.
A resource file is a simple text file. It contains curly braces to group things, spaces between things, and double quotes when strings need to include spaces. There are four fundamental ways of adding data to a resource.
First, a string (either a single word or a quoted string with spaces, we call both “strings” in this appendix) can be added all by itself, to add a string resource to the current resource. This is used, for example, to define the string printed on a menu button. In this example, four strings are added to the File resource:
File = {
Sample
"longer sample"
some text
}
Second, a named string may be added by giving two strings separated by an equals sign. This is used to specify X resources and a few other optional parameters of menus, for example. Note that a string all by itself is thus an “unnamed” string.
{"Layer groups" foreground=red sensitive=false}
Third, an unnamed subresource may be added. This is used to create submenus and menu buttons. To add a subresource, simply group other things in curly braces. This example describes a resource containing one string and three subresources:
{File
{New do_new()}
{Save do_save()}
{Quit do_quit()}
}
Lastly, a named subresource may be added by prefixing an unnamed subresource with a string and an equals sign, just as when naming strings. This syntax is used to name the resources used for the main menu and popup menus:
MainMenu = {
...
}
Additionally, the menu parser allows for “hooks” whereby portions of the menu system can be programmatically created at runtime by the application. These hooks are invoked by a single word proceeded by an at sign, such as this example where most of the Sizes menu is created automatically:
{Sizes
@sizes
{"Adjust active sizes ..." AdjustStyle(0)}
}
In addition to all that, any unquoted pound sign (#) begins a
comment. Commented text continues until the end of the containing
line. Comments may begin at the beginning of a line, or after other
text on the line:
# This is a comment
MainMenu = { # This is also a comment
To best understand this section, you should find the pcb-menu.res file that your Pcb uses and refer to it for examples (see Menu Files and Defaults).
A resource defines a menu when it meets certain semantic requirements. The menu hierarchy is reflected as a hierarchy of unnamed subresources, with the first string of each subresource defining the label used for the menu button. A subresource that itself contains subresources becomes a submenu, a subresource that does not becomes a button.
A submenu should only contain subresources for the buttons or submenus within that submenu. Two exceptions are allowed: an initial string sets the label, and the string “-” (a single dash) will create a separator.
A button should not contain subresources, but will contain many strings, named and unnamed. The first member shall be an unnamed string which is the label for the button. Any other unnamed strings within the button's resource will be used as actions (much like the .Xdefaults action strings), which are functions that will be called when the button is pressed (or popped up, or created, depending on the action). As a convenience, if a left parenthesis is seen, the current “word” will continue at least until the matching right parenthesis. This allows you to pass strings with spaces as arguments to actions without needing to quote the action.
Named resources in button resources will be used as X resources. Such resources can be used to set the font, color, and spacing of buttons. As a convenience, “fg” can be used as an abbreviation for “foreground”.
Within the menu's resource file, Pcb will look for a few key named
subresources. At the moment, the only one it looks for is one called
MainMenu. This will be used for the main menu bar. In the
future, other named subresources will be used for popup resources.
Given all this, a small sample pcb-menu.res would be:
MainMenu = {
{File
{"Load layout" Load(Layout)}
-
{"Quit Program" Quit() fg=red font=10x20}
}
}
Within the Pcb sources are specially crafted comments that mark all the actions, flags, menu hooks, and whatnot that Pcb offers. Read the file src/gather-actions in the Pcb source tree for documentation for these comments.
Pcb will look for a file which defines its menus, trying the following names:
./pcb-menu.res
$HOME/.pcb-menu.res
$PCBLIBDIR/pcb-menu.res
<internal>
Note that pcblibdir defaults to /usr/local/share/pcb (hence, /usr/local/share/pcb/pcb-menu.res). The <internal> entry refers to a menu definition within the Pcb application itself. The master file for all this is the file src/pcb-menu.res in the Pcb source tree. This master source is used to create the internal menu definition as well as being installed in $pcblibdir.
You can view the internal menu definition (the default) by running
pcb with the -dumpmenu option, like this:
pcb -dumpmenu
Pcb's search is based on POSIX 1003.2 Regular Expressions. Full POSIX
Regular Expressions are supported by Pcb if the regex library was
available when Pcb was built. One difference from the regular
expressions found in tools like awk or grep is that PCB implicitly
adds a “^” to the begining of a regular expression and “$” to the
end of the regular expression. For example if you enter “C1”, the
actual regular expression used internally is “^C1$”.
It is easier to show by example how to search than explain POSIX 1003.2. The following table shows the most common
Regular Expression characters used to find elements in Pcb:
The following examples illustrate how regular expressions are used to specify element names (reference designators) to search for.
| Drill | Diameter | Drill | Diameter | Drill | Diameter
|
| Size | (inches) | Size | (inches) | Size | (inches)
|
| 97 | .0059 | 96 | .0063 | 95 | .0067
|
| 94 | .0071 | 93 | .0075 | 92 | .0079
|
| 91 | .0083 | 90 | .0087 | 89 | .0091
|
| 88 | .0095 | 87 | .0100 | 86 | .0105
|
| 85 | .0110 | 84 | .0115 | 83 | .0120
|
| 82 | .0125 | 81 | .0130 | 80 | .0135
|
| 79 | .0145 | 78 | .0160 | 77 | .0180
|
| 76 | .0200 | 75 | .0210 | 74 | .0225
|
| 73 | .0240 | 72 | .0250 | 71 | .0260
|
| 70 | .0280 | 69 | .0292 | 68 | .0310
|
| 67 | .0320 | 66 | .0330 | 65 | .0350
|
| 64 | .0360 | 63 | .0370 | 62 | .0380
|
| 61 | .0390 | 60 | .0400 | 59 | .0410
|
| 58 | .0420 | 57 | .0430 | 56 | .0465
|
| 55 | .0520 | 54 | .0550 | 53 | .0595
|
| 52 | .0635 | 51 | .0670 | 50 | .0700
|
| 49 | .0730 | 48 | .0760 | 47 | .0785
|
| 46 | .0810 | 45 | .0820 | 44 | .0860
|
| 43 | .0890 | 42 | .0935 | 41 | .0960
|
| 40 | .0980 | 39 | .0995 | 38 | .1015
|
| 37 | .1040 | 36 | .1065 | 35 | .1100
|
| 34 | .1110 | 33 | .1130 | 32 | .1160
|
| 31 | .1200 | 30 | .1285 | 29 | .1360
|
| 28 | .1405 | 27 | .1440 | 26 | .1470
|
| 25 | .1495 | 24 | .1520 | 23 | .1540
|
| 22 | .1570 | 21 | .1590 | 20 | .1610
|
| 19 | .1660 | 18 | .1695 | 17 | .1730
|
| 16 | .1770 | 15 | .1800 | 14 | .1820
|
| 13 | .1850 | 12 | .1890 | 11 | .1910
|
| 10 | .1935 | 9 | .1960 | 8 | .1990
|
| 7 | .2010 | 6 | .2040 | 5 | .2055
|
| 4 | .2090 | 3 | .2130 | 2 | .2210
|
| 1 | .2280 |
|
| Drill | Diameter | Drill | Diameter | Drill | Diameter
|
| Size | (inches) | Size | (inches) | Size | (inches)
|
| A | .2340 | B | .2380 | C | .2420
|
| D | .2460 | E | .2500 | F | .2570
|
| G | .2610 | H | .2660 | I | .2720
|
| J | .2770 | K | .2810 | L | .2900
|
| M | .2950 | N | .3020 | O | .3160
|
| P | .3230 | Q | .3320 | R | .3390
|
| S | .3480 | T | .3580 | U | .3680
|
| V | .3770 | W | .3860 | X | .3970
|
| Y | .4040 | Z | .4130 |
|
| Drill | Diameter | Drill | Diameter | Drill | Diameter
|
| Size | (inches) | Size | (inches) | Size | (inches)
|
| 1/64 | .0156 | 1/32 | .0313 | 3/64 | .0469
|
| 1/16 | .0625 | 5/64 | .0781 | 3/32 | .0938
|
| 7/64 | .1094 | 1/8 | .1250 | 9/64 | .1406
|
| 5/32 | .1562 | 11/64 | .1719 | 3/16 | .1875
|
| 13/64 | .2031 | 7/32 | .2188 | 15/64 | .2344
|
| 1/4 | .2500 | 17/64 | .2656 | 9/32 | .2812
|
| 19/64 | .2969 | 5/16 | .3125 | 21/64 | .3281
|
| 11/32 | .3438 | 23/64 | .3594 | 3/8 | .3750
|
| 25/64 | .3906 | 13/32 | .4062 | 27/64 | .4219
|
| 7/16 | .4375 | 29/64 | .4531 | 15/32 | .4688
|
| 31/64 | .4844 | 1/2 | .5000 | 33/64 | .5156
|
| 17/32 | .5313 | 35/64 | .5469 | 9/16 | .5625
|
| 37/64 | .5781 | 19/32 | .5938 | 39/64 | .6094
|
| 5/8 | .6250 | 41/64 | .6406 | 21/32 | .6562
|
| 43/64 | .6719 | 11/16 | .6875 | 45/64 | .7031
|
| 23/32 | .7188 | 47/64 | .7344 | 3/4 | .7500
|
| 49/64 | .7656 | 25/32 | .7812 | 51/64 | .7969
|
| 13/16 | .8125 | 53/64 | .8281 | 27/32 | .8438
|
| 55/64 | .8594 | 7/8 | .8750 | 57/64 | .8906
|
| 29/32 | .9062 | 59/64 | .9219 | 15/16 | .9375
|
| 61/64 | .9531 | 31/32 | .9688 | 63/64 | .9844
|
| 1 | 1.0000 |
|
| Drill | Diameter | Drill | Diameter | Drill | Diameter
|
| Size | (inches) | Size | (inches) | Size | (inches)
|
| 0.20 mm | .00787 | 0.25 mm | .00984 | 0.30 mm | .0118
|
| 0.35 mm | .0138 | 0.40 mm | .0158 | 0.45 mm | .0177
|
| 0.50 mm | .0197 | 0.55 mm | .0217 | 0.60 mm | .0236
|
| 0.65 mm | .0256 | 0.70 mm | .0276 | 0.75 mm | .0295
|
| 0.80 mm | .0315 | 0.85 mm | .0335 | 0.90 mm | .0354
|
| 0.95 mm | .0374 | 1.00 mm | .0394 | 1.05 mm | .0413
|
| 1.10 mm | .0433 | 1.15 mm | .0453 | 1.20 mm | .0472
|
| 1.25 mm | .0492 | 1.30 mm | .0512 | 1.35 mm | .0531
|
| 1.40 mm | .0551 | 1.45 mm | .0571 | 1.50 mm | .0591
|
| 1.55 mm | .0610 | 1.60 mm | .0630 | 1.65 mm | .0650
|
| 1.70 mm | .0669 | 1.75 mm | .0689 | 1.80 mm | .0709
|
| 1.85 mm | .0728 | 1.90 mm | .0748 | 1.95 mm | .0768
|
| 2.00 mm | .0787 | 2.05 mm | .0807 | 2.10 mm | .0827
|
| 2.15 mm | .0846 | 2.20 mm | .0866 | 2.25 mm | .0886
|
| 2.30 mm | .0906 | 2.35 mm | .0925 | 2.40 mm | .0945
|
| 2.45 mm | .0965 | 2.50 mm | .0984 | 2.55 mm | .1004
|
| 2.60 mm | .1024 | 2.65 mm | .1043 | 2.70 mm | .1063
|
| 2.75 mm | .1083 | 2.80 mm | .1102 | 2.85 mm | .1122
|
| 2.90 mm | .1142 | 2.95 mm | .1161 | 3.00 mm | .1181
|
| 3.10 mm | .1220 | 3.15 mm | .1240 | 3.20 mm | .1260
|
| 3.25 mm | .1280 | 3.30 mm | .1299 | 3.40 mm | .1339
|
| 3.50 mm | .1378 | 3.60 mm | .1417 | 3.70 mm | .1457
|
| 3.75 mm | .1476 | 3.80 mm | .1496 | 3.90 mm | .1535
|
| 4.00 mm | .1575 | 4.10 mm | .1614 | 4.20 mm | .1654
|
| 4.25 mm | .1673 | 4.30 mm | .1693 | 4.40 mm | .1732
|
| 4.50 mm | .1772 | 4.60 mm | .1811 | 4.70 mm | .1850
|
| 4.75 mm | .1870 | 4.80 mm | .1890 | 4.90 mm | .1929
|
| 5.00 mm | .1969 | 5.10 mm | .2008 | 5.20 mm | .2047
|
| 5.25 mm | .2067 | 5.30 mm | .2087 | 5.40 mm | .2126
|
| 5.50 mm | .2165 | 5.60 mm | .2205 | 5.70 mm | .2244
|
| 5.75 mm | .2264 | 5.80 mm | .2283 | 5.90 mm | .2323
|
| 6.00 mm | .2362 | 6.10 mm | .2402 | 6.20 mm | .2441
|
| 6.25 mm | .2461 | 6.30 mm | .2480 | 6.40 mm | .2520
|
| 6.50 mm | .2559 | 6.60 mm | .2598 | 6.70 mm | .2638
|
| 6.75 mm | .2657 | 6.80 mm | .2677 | 6.90 mm | .2717
|
| 7.00 mm | .2756 | 7.10 mm | .2795 | 7.20 mm | .2835
|
| 7.25 mm | .2854 | 7.30 mm | .2874 | 7.40 mm | .2914
|
| 7.50 mm | .2953 | 7.60 mm | .2992 | 7.70 mm | .3031
|
| 8.00 mm | .3150 | 8.10 mm | .3189 | 8.20 mm | .3228
|
| 8.25 mm | .3248 | 8.30 mm | .3268 | 8.40 mm | .3307
|
| 8.50 mm | .3346 | 8.60 mm | .3386 | 8.70 mm | .3425
|
| 8.75 mm | .3445 | 8.80 mm | .3465 | 8.90 mm | .3504
|
| 9.00 mm | .3543 | 9.10 mm | .3583 | 9.20 mm | .3622
|
| 9.25 mm | .3642 | 9.30 mm | .3661 | 9.40 mm | .3701
|
| 9.50 mm | .3740 | 9.60 mm | .3780 | 9.70 mm | .3819
|
| 9.75 mm | .3839 | 9.80 mm | .3858 | 9.90 mm | .3898
|
| 10.00 mm | .3937 | 10.10 mm | .3976 | 10.20 mm | .4016
|
| 10.25 mm | .4035 | 10.30 mm | .4055 | 10.40 mm | .4094
|
| 10.50 mm | .4134 | 10.60 mm | .4173 | 10.70 mm | .4213
|
| 10.80 mm | .4252 | 10.90 mm | .4291 | 11.00 mm | .4331
|
| 11.10 mm | .4370 | 11.20 mm | .4409 | 11.25 mm | .4429
|
| 11.30 mm | .4449 | 11.40 mm | .4488 | 11.50 mm | .4528
|
| 11.60 mm | .4567 | 11.70 mm | .4606 | 11.75 mm | .4626
|
| 11.80 mm | .4646 | 11.90 mm | .4685 | 12.00 mm | .4724
|
| 12.50 mm | .4921 | 13.00 mm | .5118 | 13.50 mm | .5315
|
| 14.00 mm | .5512 | 14.50 mm | .5709 | 15.00 mm | .5906
|
| 15.50 mm | .6102 | 16.00 mm | .6299 | 16.50 mm | .6496
|
| 17.00 mm | .6693 | 17.50 mm | .6890 | 18.00 mm | .7087
|
| 18.50 mm | .7283 | 19.00 mm | .7480 | 19.50 mm | .7677
|
| 20.00 mm | .7874 | 20.50 mm | .8071 | 21.00 mm | .8268
|
| 21.50 mm | .8465 | 22.00 mm | .8661 | 22.50 mm | .8858
|
| 23.00 mm | .9055 | 23.50 mm | .9252 | 24.00 mm | .9449
|
| 24.50 mm | .9646 | 25.00 mm | .9843 |
|
The centroid output file is in a standard comma seperated values (CSV) format. Comment lines begin with a “#”. The output file contains a header with an RCS Id tag (useful for those who will check the file into a version control system), a version number for the file format, some comments containing the author and title of the board, and a comment describing the remainder of the file format.
An example centroid file is shown below.
# $Id$
# PcbXY Version 1.0
# Date: Fri Jul 22 03:40:08 2005 UTC
# Author: PCB User
# Title: MyBoard - PCB X-Y
# RefDes, Description, Value, X, Y, rotation, top/bottom
# X,Y in mils. rotation in degrees.
# --------------------------------------------
R61,"0603","10",2610.00,3560.00,90,top
J5,"AMPHENOL_ARFX1231","unknown",2390.00,4220.00,180,top
C13,"0402","0.01u",2340.00,3014.00,270,top
The center of each element is found by averaging the (X,Y) coordinates for the center of each pin and pad in the element. For example if an element has 2 pins, 1 at (1,0) and another at (1,4) then the centroid will be at (1,2).
The calculation of rotation is a bit more complex. Currently a rotation is not stored for each element but rather the rotated element is stored. In other words if the element from the library has a pin at (0,0) and (0,2) and it has been rotated by 90 degrees, then the .pcb file will store (0,0) and (2,0) for the pin locations with no indication that they have been rotated from the original.
In the event that the element has only 1 pin, then the rotation is set to zero. If the element has only one pad (as opposed to a through-hole pin), then the rotation of the pad is used.
When the element has multiple pins, the location of pin #1 is placed in the coordinate system which has the centroid of the part at (0,0). Then which quadrant pin #1 falls in determines the rotation. Zero degrees of rotation is defined as pin #1 being in the upper left quadrant. Increasing angles correspond to counterclockwise rotation so a rotation of 90 degrees places pin #1 in the lower left quadrant. Currently, the only allowed rotations are 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees.
If pin #1 happens to be at the centroid of the part, then pin #2 is examined to see which quadrant it is located in. The same rules apply for the definitions of rotation. In other words, when pin #1 is at the centroid of the part and pin #2 is in the upper left quadrant, the rotation is declared to be zero degrees.
Many actions take a delta parameter as the last parameter,
which is an amount to change something. That delta may include
units, as an additional parameter, such as Action(Object,5,mm).
If no units are specified, the default is PCB's native units
(currently 1/100 mil). Also, if the delta is prefixed by + or
-, the size is increased or decreased by that amount.
Otherwise, the size size is set to the given amount.
Action(Object,5,mil)
Action(Object,+0.5,mm)
Action(Object,-1)
Actions which take a delta parameter which do not accept all
these options will specify what they do take.
Many actions act on indicated objects on the board. They will have
parameters like ToggleObject or SelectedVias to indicate
what group of objects they act on. Unless otherwise specified, these
parameters are defined as follows:
ObjectToggleObjectSelectedSelectedObjectsSelectedPinsSelectedViasSelectedType
AddRats(AllRats|SelectedRats|Close) |
Add one or more rat lines to the board.
AllRatsSelectedRatsClose
ApplyVendor() |
Applies the currently loaded vendor drill table to the current design. This will modify all of your drill holes to match the list of allowed sizes for your vendor.
Atomic(Save|Restore|Close|Block) |
Save or restore the undo serial number.
This action allows making multiple-action bindings into an atomic
operation that will be undone by a single Undo command. For example,
to optimize rat lines, you'd delete the rats and re-add them. To
group these into a single undo, you'd want the deletions and the
additions to have the same undo serial number. So, you Save,
delete the rats, Restore, add the rats - using the same serial
number as the deletes, then Block, which checks to see if the
deletions or additions actually did anything. If not, the serial
number is set to the saved number, as there's nothing to undo. If
something did happen, the serial number is incremented so that these
actions are counted as a single undo step.
SaveRestoreCloseBlock
AutoPlaceSelected() |
Auto-place selected components.
Attempts to re-arrange the selected components such that the nets connecting them are minimized. Note that you cannot undo this.
AutoRoute(AllRats|SelectedRats) |
Auto-route some or all rat lines.
AllRatsSelectedRatsBefore autorouting, it's important to set up a few things. First, make sure any layers you aren't using are disabled, else the autorouter may use them. Next, make sure the current line and via styles are set accordingly. Last, make sure "new lines clear polygons" is set, in case you eventually want to add a copper pour.
Autorouting takes a while. During this time, the program may not be responsive.
ChangeClearSize(Object, delta) ChangeClearSize(SelectedPins|SelectedPads|SelectedVias, delta) ChangeClearSize(SelectedLines|SelectedArcs, delta ChangeClearSize(Selected|SelectedObjects, delta) |
Changes the clearance size of objects.
If the solder mask is currently showing, this action changes the solder mask clearance. If the mask is not showing, this action changes the polygon clearance.
ChangeDrillSize(Object, delta) ChangeDrillSize(SelectedPins|SelectedVias|Selected|SelectedObjects, delta) |
Changes the drilling hole size of objects.
ChangeFlag(Object|Selected|SelectedObjects, flag, value) ChangeFlag(SelectedLines|SelectedPins|SelectedVias, flag, value) ChangeFlag(SelectedPads|SelectedTexts|SelectedNames, flag, value) ChangeFlag(SelectedElements, flag, value) flag = square | octagon | thermal | join "“value = 0 | 1 |
Sets or clears flags on objects.
Toggles the given flag on the indicated object(s). The flag may be one of the flags listed above (square, octagon, thermal, join). The value may be the number 0 or 1. If the value is 0, the flag is cleared. If the value is 1, the flag is set.
ChangeHole(ToggleObject|Object|SelectedVias|Selected) |
Changes the hole flag of objects.
The "hole flag" of a via determines whether the via is a plated-through hole (not set), or an unplated hole (set).
ChangeJoin(ToggleObject|SelectedLines|SelectedArcs|Selected) |
Changes the join (clearance through polygons) of objects.
The join flag determines whether a line or arc, drawn to intersect a polygon, electrically connects to the polygon or not. When joined, the line/arc is simply drawn over the polygon, making an electrical connection. When not joined, a gap is drawn between the line and the polygon, insulating them from each other.
ChangeName(Object) "“ChangeName(Layout|Layer) |
Sets the name of objects.
ObjectLayoutLayer
ChangeOctagon(Object|ToggleObject|SelectedObjects|Selected) ChangeOctagon(SelectedElements|SelectedPins|SelectedVias) |
Changes the octagon-flag of pins and vias.
Pins, pads, and vias can have various shapes. All may be round. Pins and pads may be square (obviously "square" pads are usually rectangular). Pins and vias may be octagonal. When you change a shape flag of an element, you actually change all of its pins and pads.
Note that the square flag takes precedence over the octagon flag, thus, if both the square and octagon flags are set, the object is square. When the square flag is cleared, the pins and pads will be either round or, if the octagon flag is set, octagonal.
ChangePaste(ToggleObject|Object|SelectedPads|Selected) |
Changes the no paste flag of objects.
The "no paste flag" of a pad determines whether the solderpaste stencil will have an opening for the pad (no set) or if there wil be no solderpaste on the pad (set). This is used for things such as fiducial pads.
ChangePinName(ElementName,PinNumber,PinName) |
Sets the name of a specific pin on a specific element.
This can be especially useful for annotating pin names from a schematic to the layout without requiring knowledge of the pcb file format.
ChangePinName(U3, 7, VCC)
ChangeSize(Object, delta) ChangeSize(SelectedObjects|Selected, delta) ChangeSize(SelectedLines|SelectedPins|SelectedVias, delta) ChangeSize(SelectedPads|SelectedTexts|SelectedNames, delta) ChangeSize(SelectedElements, delta) |
Changes the size of objects.
For lines and arcs, this changes the width. For pins and vias, this changes the overall diameter of the copper annulus. For pads, this changes the width and, indirectly, the length. For texts and names, this changes the scaling factor. For elements, this changes the width of the silk layer lines and arcs for this element.
ChangeSquare(ToggleObject) ChangeSquare(SelectedElements|SelectedPins) ChangeSquare(Selected|SelectedObjects) |
Changes the square flag of pins and pads.
Note that Pins means both pins and pads.
Pins, pads, and vias can have various shapes. All may be round. Pins and pads may be square (obviously "square" pads are usually rectangular). Pins and vias may be octagonal. When you change a shape flag of an element, you actually change all of its pins and pads.
Note that the square flag takes precedence over the octagon flag, thus, if both the square and octagon flags are set, the object is square. When the square flag is cleared, the pins and pads will be either round or, if the octagon flag is set, octagonal.
ClearOctagon(ToggleObject|Object|SelectedObjects|Selected) ClearOctagon(SelectedElements|SelectedPins|SelectedVias) |
Clears the octagon-flag of pins and vias.
Pins, pads, and vias can have various shapes. All may be round. Pins and pads may be square (obviously "square" pads are usually rectangular). Pins and vias may be octagonal. When you change a shape flag of an element, you actually change all of its pins and pads.
Note that the square flag takes precedence over the octagon flag, thus, if both the square and octagon flags are set, the object is square. When the square flag is cleared, the pins and pads will be either round or, if the octagon flag is set, octagonal.
ClearSquare(ToggleObject|SelectedElements|SelectedPins) |
Clears the square-flag of pins and pads.
Note that Pins means pins and pads.
Pins, pads, and vias can have various shapes. All may be round. Pins and pads may be square (obviously "square" pads are usually rectangular). Pins and vias may be octagonal. When you change a shape flag of an element, you actually change all of its pins and pads.
Note that the square flag takes precedence over the octagon flag, thus, if both the square and octagon flags are set, the object is square. When the square flag is cleared, the pins and pads will be either round or, if the octagon flag is set, octagonal.
ClrFlag(Object|Selected|SelectedObjects, flag) ClrFlag(SelectedLines|SelectedPins|SelectedVias, flag) ClrFlag(SelectedPads|SelectedTexts|SelectedNames, flag) ClrFlag(SelectedElements, flag) flag = square | octagon | thermal | join |
Clears flags on objects.
Turns the given flag off, regardless of its previous setting. See
ChangeFlag.
ClrFlag(SelectedLines,join)
Connection(Find|ResetLinesAndPolygons|ResetPinsAndVias|Reset) |
Searches connections of the object at the cursor position.
Connections found with this action will be highlighted in the “connected-color” color and will have the “found” flag set.
FindResetLinesAndPolygonsResetPinsAndViasResetMeasure
Delete(Object|Selected) Delete(AllRats|SelectedRats) ; |
Delete stuff.
DeleteRats(AllRats|Selected|SelectedRats) |
Delete rat lines.
DisableVendor() |
Disables automatic drill size mapping.
When drill mapping is enabled, new instances of pins and vias will have their drill holes mapped to one of the allowed drill sizes specified in the currently loaded vendor drill table.
DisperseElements(All|Selected) |
Disperses elements.
Normally this is used when starting a board, by selecting all elements and then dispersing them. This scatters the elements around the board so that you can pick individual ones, rather than have all the elements at the same 0,0 coordinate and thus impossible to choose from.
Display(NameOnPCB|Description|Value) Display(Grid|Redraw) Display(CycleClip|Toggle45Degree|ToggleStartDirection) Display(ToggleGrid|ToggleRubberBandMode|ToggleUniqueNames) Display(ToggleMask|ToggleName|ToggleClearLine|ToggleFullPoly|ToggleSnapPin) Display(ToggleThindraw|ToggleThindrawPoly|ToggleOrthoMove|ToggleLocalRef) Display(ToggleCheckPlanes|ToggleShowDRC|ToggleAutoDRC) Display(ToggleLiveRoute|LockNames|OnlyNames) Display(Pinout|PinOrPadName) "“Display(Scroll, Direction) |
Several display-related actions.
NameOnPCBDescriptionValueRedrawToggle45DegreeCycleClipToggleRubberBandModeToggleStartDirectionToggleUniqueNamesToggleSnapPinToggleLocalRefToggleThindrawToggleThindrawPolyToggleShowDRCToggleLiveRouteToggleAutoDRCToggleCheckPlanesToggleOrthoMoveToggleNameToggleMaskToggleClearLineToggleFullPolyToggleGridGridPinoutPinOrPadNameStep <direction> <amount> <units>
djopt(debumpify|unjaggy|simple|vianudge|viatrim|orthopull) djopt(auto) - all of the above "“djopt(miter) |
Perform various optimizations on the current board
The different types of optimizations change your board in order to reduce the total trace length and via count.
debumpifyunjaggysimplevianudgeviatrimorthopullsplitlinesautomiter
DRC() |
Invoke the DRC check.
Note that the design rule check uses the current board rule settings, not the current style settings.
DumpLibrary() |
Display the entire contents of the libraries.
EnableVendor() |
Enables automatic drill size mapping.
When drill mapping is enabled, new instances of pins and vias will have their drill holes mapped to one of the allowed drill sizes specified in the currently loaded vendor drill table. To enable drill mapping, a vendor resource file containing a drill table must be loaded first.
ExecuteFile(filename) |
Run actions from the given file.
Lines starting with # are ignored.
Flip(Object|Selected|SelectedElements) |
Flip an element to the opposite side of the board.
Note that the location of the element will be symmetric about the cursor location; i.e. if the part you are pointing at will still be at the same spot once the element is on the other side. When flipping multiple elements, this retains their positions relative to each other, not their absolute positions on the board.
FontEdit() |
Convert the current font to a PCB for editing
FontSave() |
Convert the current PCB back to a font
GlobalPuller() |
Pull all traces tight.
h |
Print a help message for commands.
This is one of the command box helper actions. While it is a regular
action and can be used like any other action, its name and syntax are
optimized for use with the command box (:) and thus the syntax
is documented for that purpose.
l [name] |
Loads layout data.
Loads a new datafile (layout) and, if confirmed, overwrites any existing unsaved data. The filename and the searchpath (filePath) are passed to the command defined by fileCommand. If no filename is specified a file select box will popup.
This is one of the command box helper actions. While it is a regular
action and can be used like any other action, its name and syntax are
optimized for use with the command box (:) and thus the syntax
is documented for that purpose.
le [name] |
Loads an element into the current buffer.
The filename and the searchpath (elementPath) are passed to the command defined by elementCommand. If no filename is specified a file select box will popup.
This is one of the command box helper actions. While it is a regular
action and can be used like any other action, its name and syntax are
optimized for use with the command box (:) and thus the syntax
is documented for that purpose.
LoadFrom(Layout|LayoutToBuffer|ElementToBuffer|Netlist|Revert,filename) |
Load layout data from a file.
This action assumes you know what the filename is. The various GUIs
should have a similar Load action where the filename is
optional, and will provide their own file selection mechanism to let
you choose the file name.
LayoutLayoutToBufferElementToBufferElement definition, such as the
“newlib” library uses.
NetlistRevert
LoadVendorFrom(filename) |
Loads the specified vendor resource file.
m [name] |
Loads a layout into the current buffer.
The filename and the searchpath (filePath) are passed to the command defined by fileCommand. If no filename is specified a file select box will popup.
This is one of the command box helper actions. While it is a regular
action and can be used like any other action, its name and syntax are
optimized for use with the command box (:) and thus the syntax
is documented for that purpose.
MarkCrosshair() "“MarkCrosshair(Center) |
Set/Reset the Crosshair mark
The “mark” is a small X-shaped target on the display which is treated like a second origin (the normal origin is the upper let corner of the board). The GUI will display a second set of coordinates for this mark, which tells you how far you are from it.
If no argument is given, the mark is toggled - disabled if it was
enabled, or enabled at the current cursor position of disabled. If
the Center argument is given, the mark is moved to the current
cursor location.
Message(message) |
Writes a message to the log window.
This action displays a message to the log window. This action is primarily provided for use by other programs which may interface with PCB. If multiple arguments are given, each one is sent to the log window followed by a newline.
MinMaskGap(delta) "“MinMaskGap(Selected, delta) |
Ensures the mask is a minimum distance from pins and pads.
Checks all specified pins and/or pads, and increases the mask if needed to ensure a minimum distance between the pin or pad edge and the mask edge.
Mode(Arc|Arrow|Copy|InsertPoint|Line|Lock|Move|None|PasteBuffer) Mode(Polygon|Rectangle|Remove|Rotate|Text|Thermal|Via) Mode(Notify|Release|Cancel|Stroke) "“Mode(Save|Restore) |
Change or use the tool mode.
ArcArrowCopyInsertPointLineLockMoveNonePasteBufferPolygonRectangleRemoveRotateTextThermalViaNotifyReleaseCancelEscapeStrokepcb was built with libstroke, this invokes the stroke
input method. If not, this will restart a drawing mode if you were
drawing, else it will select objects.
SaveRestore
MorphPolygon(Object|Selected) |
Converts dead polygon islands into separate polygons.
If a polygon is divided into unconnected "islands", you can use this command to convert the otherwise disappeared islands into separate polygons. Be sure the cursor is over a portion of the polygon that remains visible. Very small islands that may flake off are automatically deleted.
MoveLayer(old,new) |
Moves/Creates/Deletes Layers
Moves a layer, creates a new layer, or deletes a layer.
oldc-1numbernew-1updownc
MoveObject(X,Y,dim) |
Moves the object under the crosshair.
The X and Y are treated like delta is for many
other objects. For each, if it's prefixed by + or -,
then that amount is relative. Otherwise, it's absolute. Units can be
mil or mm; if unspecified, units are PCB's internal
units, currently 1/100 mil.
MoveToCurrentLayer(Object|SelectedObjects) |
Moves objects to the current layer.
Note that moving an element from a component layer to a solder layer,
or from solder to component, won't automatically flip it. Use the
Flip() action to do that.
Net(find|select|rats|norats[,net[,pin]]) |
Perform various actions on netlists.
Each of these actions apply to a specified set of nets. net and pin are patterns which match one or more nets or pins; these patterns may be full names or regular expressions. If an exact match is found, it is the only match; if no exact match is found, then the pattern is tried as a regular expression.
If neither net nor pin are specified, all nets apply. If net is specified but not pin, all nets matching net apply. If both are specified, nets which match net and contain a pin matching pin apply.
findconnected-color color.
selectratsnorats
New([name]) |
Starts a new layout.
If a name is not given, one is prompted for.
OptAutoOnly() |
Toggles the optimize-only-autorouted flag.
The original purpose of the trace optimizer was to clean up the traces created by the various autorouters that have been used with PCB. When a board has a mix of autorouted and carefully hand-routed traces, you don't normally want the optimizer to move your hand-routed traces. But, sometimes you do. By default, the optimizer only optimizes autorouted traces. This action toggles that setting, so that you can optimize hand-routed traces also.
PasteBuffer(AddSelected|Clear|1..MAX_BUFFER) PasteBuffer(Rotate, 1..3) PasteBuffer(Convert|Save|Restore|Mirror) PasteBuffer(ToLayout, X, Y, units) |
Various operations on the paste buffer.
There are a number of paste buffers; the actual limit is a
compile-time constant MAX_BUFFER in globalconst.h. It
is currently 5. One of these is the “current” paste buffer,
often referred to as “the” paste buffer.
AddSelectedClearConvertRestoreMirrorRotateSaveToLayoutX and Y are treated like
delta is for many other objects. For each, if it's prefixed by
+ or -, then that amount is relative to the last
location. Otherwise, it's absolute. Units can be
mil or mm; if unspecified, units are PCB's internal
units, currently 1/100 mil.
1..MAX_BUFFER
Polygon(Close|PreviousPoint) |
Some polygon related stuff.
Polygons need a special action routine to make life easier.
ClosePreviousPoint
Puller() |
Pull an arc-line junction tight.
The Puller() action is a special-purpose optimization. When
invoked while the crosshair is over the junction of an arc and a line,
it will adjust the arc's angle and the connecting line's endpoint such
that the line intersects the arc at a tangent. In the example below,
the left side is “before” with the black target marking where to put
the crosshair:
The right side is “after” with the black target marking where the arc-line intersection was moved to.
q |
Quits the application after confirming.
If you have unsaved changes, you will be prompted to confirm (or save) before quitting.
This is one of the command box helper actions. While it is a regular
action and can be used like any other action, its name and syntax are
optimized for use with the command box (:) and thus the syntax
is documented for that purpose.
q! |
Quits the application without confirming.
Note that this command neither saves your data nor prompts for confirmation.
This is one of the command box helper actions. While it is a regular
action and can be used like any other action, its name and syntax are
optimized for use with the command box (:) and thus the syntax
is documented for that purpose.
Quit() |
Quits the application after confirming.
If you have unsaved changes, you will be prompted to confirm (or save) before quitting.
Redo() |
Redo recent“undo”operations.
This routine allows you to recover from the last undo command. You might want to do this if you thought that undo was going to revert something other than what it actually did (in case you are confused about which operations are un-doable), or if you have been backing up through a long undo list and over-shoot your stopping point. Any change that is made since the undo in question will trim the redo list. For example if you add ten lines, then undo three of them you could use redo to put them back, but if you move a line on the board before performing the redo, you will lose the ability to "redo" the three "undone" lines.
RemoveSelected() |
Removes any selected objects.
Renumber() "“Renumber(filename) |
Renumber all elements. The changes will be recorded to filename for use in backannotating these changes to the schematic.
Report(Object|DrillReport|FoundPins|NetLength) |
Produce various report.
ObjectDrillReportFoundPinsNetLength
ReportDialog() |
Report on the object under the crosshair
This is a shortcut for Report(Object).
RipUp(All|Selected|Element) |
Ripup auto-routed tracks, or convert an element to parts.
AllSelectedElement
rn [name] |
Reads netlist.
If no filename is given a file select box will pop up. The file is read via the command defined by the RatCommand resource. The command must send its output to stdout.
Netlists are used for generating rat's nests (see Rats Nest) and for verifying the board layout (which is also accomplished by the Ratsnest command).
This is one of the command box helper actions. While it is a regular
action and can be used like any other action, its name and syntax are
optimized for use with the command box (:) and thus the syntax
is documented for that purpose.
RouteStyle(1|2|3|4) |
Copies the indicated routing style into the current sizes.
s [name] |
Saves layout data.
Data and the filename are passed to the command defined by the resource saveCommand. It must read the layout data from stdin. If no filename is entered, either the last one is used again or, if it is not available, a file select box will pop up.
This is one of the command box helper actions. While it is a regular
action and can be used like any other action, its name and syntax are
optimized for use with the command box (:) and thus the syntax
is documented for that purpose.
SaveSettings() "“SaveSettings(local) |
Saves settings.
If you pass no arguments, the settings are stored in
$HOME/.pcb/settings. If you pass the word local they're
saved in ./pcb.settings.
SaveTo(Layout|LayoutAs,filename) SaveTo(AllConnections|AllUnusedPins|ElementConnections,filename) SaveTo(PasteBuffer,filename) |
Saves data to a file.
LayoutLayoutAsAllConnectionsAllUnusedPinsElementConnectionsPasteBuffer
Select(ToggleObject) Select(All|Block|Connection) Select(ElementByName|ObjectByName|PadByName|PinByName) Select(ElementByName|ObjectByName|PadByName|PinByName, Name) Select(TextByName|ViaByName) Select(TextByName|ViaByName, Name) "“Select(Convert) |
Toggles or sets the selection
ElementByNameObjectByNamePadByNamePinByNameTextByNameViaByNamepcb. If the name is not specified then the user is prompted
for a pattern, and all objects that match the pattern and are of the
type specified are selected.
ObjectToggleObjectBlockAllConnectionConvert
SetFlag(Object|Selected|SelectedObjects, flag) SetFlag(SelectedLines|SelectedPins|SelectedVias, flag) SetFlag(SelectedPads|SelectedTexts|SelectedNames, flag) SetFlag(SelectedElements, flag) flag = square | octagon | thermal | join |
Sets flags on objects.
Turns the given flag on, regardless of its previous setting. See
ChangeFlag.
SetFlag(SelectedPins,thermal)
SetOctagon(Object|ToggleObject|SelectedElements|Selected) |
Sets the octagon-flag of objects.
Pins, pads, and vias can have various shapes. All may be round. Pins and pads may be square (obviously "square" pads are usually rectangular). Pins and vias may be octagonal. When you change a shape flag of an element, you actually change all of its pins and pads.
Note that the square flag takes precedence over the octagon flag, thus, if both the square and octagon flags are set, the object is square. When the square flag is cleared, the pins and pads will be either round or, if the octagon flag is set, octagonal.
SetSame() |
Sets current layer and sizes to match indicated item.
When invoked over any line, arc, polygon, or via, this changes the current layer to be the layer that item is on, and changes the current sizes (thickness, keepaway, drill, etc) according to that item.
SetSquare(ToggleObject|SelectedElements|SelectedPins) |
sets the square-flag of objects.
Note that Pins means pins and pads.
Pins, pads, and vias can have various shapes. All may be round. Pins and pads may be square (obviously "square" pads are usually rectangular). Pins and vias may be octagonal. When you change a shape flag of an element, you actually change all of its pins and pads.
Note that the square flag takes precedence over the octagon flag, thus, if both the square and octagon flags are set, the object is square. When the square flag is cleared, the pins and pads will be either round or, if the octagon flag is set, octagonal.
SetThermal(Object|SelectedPins|SelectedVias|Selected, Style) |
Set the thermal (on the current layer) of pins or vias to the given style. Style = 0 means no thermal. Style = 1 has diagonal fingers with sharp edges. Style = 2 has horizontal and vertical fingers with sharp edges. Style = 3 is a solid connection to the plane.Style = 4 has diagonal fingers with rounded edges. Style = 5 has horizontal and vertical fingers with rounded edges.
This changes how/whether pins or vias connect to any rectangle or polygon on the current layer. The first argument can specify one object, or all selected pins, or all selected vias, or all selected pins and vias. The second argument specifies the style of connection. There are 5 possibilities: 0 - no connection, 1 - 45 degree fingers with sharp edges, 2 - horizontal & vertical fingers with sharp edges, 3 - solid connection, 4 - 45 degree fingers with rounded corners, 5 - horizontal & vertical fingers with rounded corners.
Pins and Vias may have thermals whether or not there is a polygon available to connect with. However, they will have no effect without the polygon.
SetValue(Grid|Line|LineSize|Text|TextScale|ViaDrillingHole|Via|ViaSize, delta) |
Change various board-wide values and sizes.
ViaDrillingHoleGridLineLineSizeViaViaSizeTextTextScale
ToggleHideName(Object|SelectedElements) |
Toggles the visibility of element names.
If names are hidden you won't see them on the screen and they will not appear on the silk layer when you print the layout.
ToggleVendor() |
Toggles the state of automatic drill size mapping.
When drill mapping is enabled, new instances of pins and vias will have their drill holes mapped to one of the allowed drill sizes specified in the currently loaded vendor drill table. To enable drill mapping, a vendor resource file containing a drill table must be loaded first.
Undo() "“Undo(ClearList) |
Undo recent changes.
The unlimited undo feature of Pcb allows you to recover from
most operations that materially affect you work. Calling
Undo() without any parameter recovers from the last (non-undo)
operation. ClearList is used to release the allocated
memory. ClearList is called whenever a new layout is started or
loaded. See also Redo and Atomic.
Note that undo groups operations by serial number; changes with the
same serial number will be undone (or redone) as a group. See
Atomic.
UnloadVendor() |
Unloads the current vendor drill mapping table.
Unselect(All|Block|Connection) Unselect(ElementByName|ObjectByName|PadByName|PinByName) Unselect(ElementByName|ObjectByName|PadByName|PinByName, Name) Unselect(TextByName|ViaByName) "“Unselect(TextByName|ViaByName, Name) |
unselects the object at the pointer location or the specified objects
AllBlockConnectionElementByNameObjectByNamePadByNamePinByNameTextByNameViaByNamepcb. If the name is not specified then the user is prompted
for a pattern, and all objects that match the pattern and are of the
type specified are unselected.
w [name] |
Saves layout data.
This commands has been added for the convenience of vi users
and has the same functionality as s.
This is one of the command box helper actions. While it is a regular
action and can be used like any other action, its name and syntax are
optimized for use with the command box (:) and thus the syntax
is documented for that purpose.
wq |
Saves the layout data and quits.
This command has been added for the convenience of vi users and
has the same functionality as s combined with q.
This is one of the command box helper actions. While it is a regular
action and can be used like any other action, its name and syntax are
optimized for use with the command box (:) and thus the syntax
is documented for that purpose.
LayersChanged() |
Tells the GUI that the layers have changed.
This includes layer names, colors, stacking order, visibility, etc.
This is one of a number of actions which are part of the HID interface. The core functions use these actions to tell the current GUI when to change the presented information in response to changes that the GUI may not know about. The user normally does not invoke these directly.
LibraryChanged() |
Tells the GUI that the libraries have changed.
This is one of a number of actions which are part of the HID interface. The core functions use these actions to tell the current GUI when to change the presented information in response to changes that the GUI may not know about. The user normally does not invoke these directly.
NetlistChanged() |
Tells the GUI that the netlist has changed.
This is one of a number of actions which are part of the HID interface. The core functions use these actions to tell the current GUI when to change the presented information in response to changes that the GUI may not know about. The user normally does not invoke these directly.
PCBChanged() |
Tells the GUI that the whole PCB has changed.
This is one of a number of actions which are part of the HID interface. The core functions use these actions to tell the current GUI when to change the presented information in response to changes that the GUI may not know about. The user normally does not invoke these directly.
RouteStylesChanged() |
Tells the GUI that the routing styles have changed.
This is one of a number of actions which are part of the HID interface. The core functions use these actions to tell the current GUI when to change the presented information in response to changes that the GUI may not know about. The user normally does not invoke these directly.
About() |
Tell the user about this version of PCB.
This just pops up a dialog telling the user which version of
pcb they're running.
AdjustStyle() |
Open the window which allows editing of the route styles
Opens the window which allows editing of the route styles.
Center() |
Moves the pointer to the center of the window.
Move the pointer to the center of the window, but only if it's currently within the window already.
Cursor(Type,DeltaUp,DeltaRight,Units) |
Move the cursor.
This action moves the mouse cursor. Unlike other actions which take coordinates, this action's coordinates are always relative to the user's view of the board. Thus, a positive DeltaUp may move the cursor towards the board origin if the board is inverted.
Type is one of ‘Pan’ or ‘Warp’. ‘Pan’ causes the viewport to move such that the crosshair is under the mouse cursor. ‘Warp’ causes the mouse cursor to move to be above the crosshair.
Units can be one of the following:
DoWindows(1|2|3|4) DoWindows(Layout|Library|Log|Netlist|Preferences) |
Open various GUI windows.
1Layout2Library3Log4Netlist5Preferences
EditLayerGroups() |
Open the preferences window which allows editing of the layer groups
Opens the preferences window which is where the layer groups are edited. This action is primarily provides to provide menu resource compatibility with the lesstif HID.
GetXY() |
Get a coordinate.
Prompts the user for a coordinate, if one is not already selected.
Popup(MenuName, [Button]) |
Bring up the popup menu specified by MenuName.
If called by a mouse event then the mouse button number
must be specified as the optional second argument.
This just pops up the specified menu. The menu must have been defined as a named subresource of the Popups resource in the menu resource file. If called as a response to a mouse button click, the mouse button number must be specified as the second argument.
Print() |
Print the layout.
This will find the default printing HID, prompt the user for its options, and print the layout.
PrintCalibrate() |
Calibrate the printer.
This will print a calibration page, which you would measure and type the measurements in, so that future printouts will be more precise.
Save() Save(Layout|LayoutAs) Save(AllConnections|AllUnusedPins|ElementConnections) Save(PasteBuffer) |
Save layout and/or element data to a user-selected file.
This action is a GUI front-end to the core's SaveTo action
(see SaveTo Action). If you happen to pass a filename, like
SaveTo, then SaveTo is called directly. Else, the
user is prompted for a filename to save, and then SaveTo is
called with that filename.
SelectLayer(1..MAXLAYER|Silk|Rats) |
Select which layer is the current layer.
The specified layer becomes the currently active layer. It is made visible if it is not already visible
SetUnits(mm|mil) |
Set the default measurement units.
milmm
SwapSides(|v|h|r) |
Swaps the side of the board you're looking at.
This action changes the way you view the board.
vhrIf no argument is given, the board isn't moved but the opposite side is shown.
Normally, this action changes which pads and silk layer are drawn as true silk, and which are drawn as the "invisible" layer. It also determines which solder mask you see.
As a special case, if the layer group for the side you're looking at is visible and currently active, and the layer group for the opposite is not visible (i.e. disabled), then this action will also swap which layer group is visible and active, effectively swapping the “working side” of the board.
ToggleView(1..MAXLAYER) ToggleView(layername) ToggleView(Silk|Rats|Pins|Vias|Mask|BackSide) |
Toggle the visibility of the specified layer or layer group.
If you pass an integer, that layer is specified by index (the first
layer is 1, etc). If you pass a layer name, that layer is
specified by name. When a layer is specified, the visibility of the
layer group containing that layer is toggled.
If you pass a special layer name, the visibility of those components (silk, rats, etc) is toggled. Note that if you have a layer named the same as a special layer, the layer is chosen over the special layer.
Zoom() Zoom(factor) |
Various zoom factor changes.
Changes the zoom (magnification) of the view of the board. If no
arguments are passed, the view is scaled such that the board just fits
inside the visible window (i.e. “view all”). Otherwise,
factor specifies a change in zoom factor. It may be prefixed by
+, -, or = to change how the zoom factor is
modified. The factor is a floating point number, such as
1.5 or 0.75.
+factor-factor=factorNote that zoom factors of zero are silently ignored.
About() |
Tell the user about this version of PCB.
This just pops up a dialog telling the user which version of
pcb they're running.
AdjustSizes() |
Let the user change the board size, DRC parameters, etc
Displays a dialog box that lets the user change the board size, DRC parameters, and text scale.
The units are determined by the default display units.
AdjustStyle() |
Displays the route style adjustment window.
Benchmark() |
Benchmark the GUI speed.
This action is used to speed-test the Lesstif graphics subsystem. It redraws the current screen as many times as possible in ten seconds. It reports the amount of time needed to draw the screen once.
Command() |
Displays the command line input window.
The command window allows the user to manually enter actions to be executed. Action syntax can be done one of two ways:
Abc(1,2,3)
Abc
1 2 3.
The first option allows you to have arguments with spaces in them, but the second is more “natural” to type for most people.
Note that action names are not case sensitive, but arguments normally are. However, most actions will check for “keywords” in a case insensitive way.
There are three ways to finish with the command window. If you press
the Enter key, the command is invoked, the window goes away,
and the next time you bring up the command window it's empty. If you
press the Esc key, the window goes away without invoking
anything, and the next time you bring up the command window it's
empty. If you change focus away from the command window (i.e. click
on some other window), the command window goes away but the next time
you bring it up it resumes entering the command you were entering
before.
Cursor(Type,DeltaUp,DeltaRight,Units) |
Move the cursor.
This action moves the mouse cursor. Unlike other actions which take coordinates, this action's coordinates are always relative to the user's view of the board. Thus, a positive DeltaUp may move the cursor towards the board origin if the board is inverted.
Type is one of ‘Pan’ or ‘Warp’. ‘Pan’ causes the viewport to move such that the crosshair is under the mouse cursor. ‘Warp’ causes the mouse cursor to move to be above the crosshair.
Units can be one of the following:
Debug(...) |
Debug action.
This action exists to help debug scripts; it simply prints all its arguments to stdout.
DebugXY(...) |
Debug action, with coordinates
Like Debug, but requires a coordinate. If the user hasn't yet
indicated a location on the board, the user will be prompted to click
on one.
DoWindows(1|2|3|4) DoWindows(Layout|Library|Log|Netlist) |
Open various GUI windows.
1Layout2Library3Log4Netlist
DumpKeys() |
Dump Lesstif key bindings.
Causes the list of key bindings (from pcb-menu.res) to be
dumped to stdout. This is most useful when invoked from the command
line like this:
pcb --action-string DumpKeys
EditLayerGroups() |
Let the user change the layer groupings
Displays a dialog that lets the user view and change the layer
groupings. Each layer (row) can be a member of any one layer group
(column). Note the special layers solder and component
allow you to specify which groups represent the top and bottom of the
board.
See ChangeName Action.
Export() |
Export the layout.
Prompts the user for an exporter to use. Then, prompts the user for that exporter's options, and exports the layout.
GetXY() |
Get a coordinate.
Prompts the user for a coordinate, if one is not already selected.
LibraryShow() |
Displays the library window.
Load() Load(Layout|LayoutToBuffer|ElementToBuffer|Netlist|Revert) |
Load layout data from a user-selected file.
This action is a GUI front-end to the core's LoadFrom action
(see LoadFrom Action). If you happen to pass a filename, like
LoadFrom, then LoadFrom is called directly. Else, the
user is prompted for a filename to load, and then LoadFrom is
called with that filename.
LoadVendor() |
Loads a user-selected vendor resource file.
The user is prompted for a file to load, and then
LoadVendorFrom is called (see LoadVendorFrom Action) to
load that vendor file.
NetlistShow(pinname|netname) |
Selects the given pinname or netname in the netlist window.
Print() |
Print the layout.
This will find the default printing HID, prompt the user for its options, and print the layout.
PrintCalibrate() |
Calibrate the printer.
This will print a calibration page, which you would measure and type the measurements in, so that future printouts will be more precise.
PromptFor([message[,default]]) |
Prompt for a response.
This is mostly for testing the lesstif HID interface. The parameters
are passed to the prompt_for() HID function, causing the user
to be prompted for a response. The respose is simply printed to the
user's stdout.
Return(0|1) |
Simulate a passing or failing action.
This is for testing. If passed a 0, does nothing and succeeds. If passed a 1, does nothing but pretends to fail.
Save() Save(Layout|LayoutAs) Save(AllConnections|AllUnusedPins|ElementConnections) Save(PasteBuffer) |
Save layout data to a user-selected file.
This action is a GUI front-end to the core's SaveTo action
(see SaveTo Action). If you happen to pass a filename, like
SaveTo, then SaveTo is called directly. Else, the
user is prompted for a filename to save, and then SaveTo is
called with that filename.
SelectLayer(1..MAXLAYER|Silk|Rats) |
Select which layer is the current layer.
The specified layer becomes the currently active layer. It is made visible if it is not already visible
SetUnits(mm|mil) |
Set the default measurement units.
milmm
SwapSides(|v|h|r) |
Swaps the side of the board you're looking at.
This action changes the way you view the board.
vhrIf no argument is given, the board isn't moved but the opposite side is shown.
Normally, this action changes which pads and silk layer are drawn as true silk, and which are drawn as the "invisible" layer. It also determines which solder mask you see.
As a special case, if the layer group for the side you're looking at is visible and currently active, and the layer group for the opposite is not visible (i.e. disabled), then this action will also swap which layer group is visible and active, effectively swapping the “working side” of the board.
ToggleView(1..MAXLAYER) ToggleView(layername) ToggleView(Silk|Rats|Pins|Vias|Mask|BackSide) |
Toggle the visibility of the specified layer or layer group.
If you pass an integer, that layer is specified by index (the first
layer is 1, etc). If you pass a layer name, that layer is
specified by name. When a layer is specified, the visibility of the
layer group containing that layer is toggled.
If you pass a special layer name, the visibility of those components (silk, rats, etc) is toggled. Note that if you have a layer named the same as a special layer, the layer is chosen over the special layer.
Zoom() Zoom(factor) |
Various zoom factor changes.
Changes the zoom (magnification) of the view of the board. If no
arguments are passed, the view is scaled such that the board just fits
inside the visible window (i.e. “view all”). Otherwise,
factor specifies a change in zoom factor. It may be prefixed by
+, -, or = to change how the zoom factor is
modified. The factor is a floating point number, such as
1.5 or 0.75.
+factor-factor=factorNote that zoom factors of zero are silently ignored.
absoluteGrid: ResourcesalignmentDistance: ResourcesallDirectionLines: ResourcesallDirectionLines: OptionsbackgroundImage: ResourcesbackgroundImage: OptionsbackupInterval: ResourcesbackupInterval: Optionsbloat: ResourcesBTNMOD: running configurecharactersPerLine: ResourcescharactersPerLine: OptionsconnectedColor: Resourcescross hairColor: Resourcesdefault font: OptionsDEFAULTFONT: running configureDEFAULTLIBRARY: running configureElement Search: Regular ExpressionselementColor: ResourceselementCommand: File FormatselementCommand: ResourceselementCommand: OptionselementContentsCommand: ResourceselementPath: ResourceselementSelectedColor: ResourcesfileCommand: File FormatsfileCommand: ResourcesfileCommand: OptionsfilePath: ResourcesfontCommand: File FormatsfontCommand: ResourcesfontCommand: OptionsfontFile: ResourcesfontFile: OptionsfontPath: ResourcesGNUM4: running configuregrid: ResourcesgridColor: ResourcesINFOLIBDIR: running configureinvisibleObjectsColor: ResourceslayerColor: ResourceslayerGroups: ResourceslayerGroups: OptionslayerName: ResourceslayerSelectedColor: ResourceslibraryCommand: File FormatslibraryCommand: ResourceslibraryCommand: OptionslibraryContentsCommand: File FormatslibraryContentsCommand: OptionslibraryFilename: ResourceslibraryFilename: OptionslibraryPath: ResourceslibraryPath: OptionslineThickness: ResourcesMeasuring distances: Measuring distancesmedia: ResourcesoffLimitColor: ResourcesPCBLIBDIR: running configurepinColor: ResourcespinoutFont0..6: ResourcespinoutNameLength: ResourcespinoutNameLength: OptionspinoutOffsetX: ResourcespinoutOffsetY: ResourcespinoutTextOffsetX: ResourcespinoutTextOffsetY: ResourcespinoutZoom: ResourcespinoutZoom: OptionspinSelectedColor: ResourcesprintCommand: ResourcesraiseLogWindow: ResourcesratCommand: ResourcesratPath: ResourcesRegular Expressions: Regular ExpressionsresetAfterElement: ResourcesresetAfterElement: OptionsringBellWhenFinished: ResourcesringBellWhenFinished: OptionsrouteStyle: ResourcesrouteStyle: OptionsrubberBandMode: ResourcessaveCommand: File FormatssaveCommand: ResourcessaveCommand: OptionssaveInTMP: ResourcessaveInTMP: OptionssaveLastCommand: ResourcessaveLastCommand: OptionsscriptFilename: OptionsSearching for elements: Searching for elementsshrink: Resourcessize: Resourcessize: OptionsstipplePolygons: ResourcestextScale: ResourcesuseLogWindow: ResourcesviaColor: ResourcesviaDrillingHole: ResourcesviaSelectedColor: ResourcesviaThickness: Resourcesvolume: Resourcesvolume: OptionswarnColor: Resourceszoom: Resources+alldirections: Options+reset: Options+ring: Options+s: Options+save: Options--copyright: Special Options-alldirections: Options-background: Options-backup: Options-c: Options-copyright: Special Options-fontfile: Options-help: Special Options-lelement: Options-lfile: Options-lfont: Options-lg: Options-libname: Options-libpath: Options-llib: Options-llibcont: Options-loggeometry: Options-pnl: Options-pz: Options-reset: Options-ring: Options-rs: Options-s: Options-save: Options-script: Options-sfile: Options-size: Options-v: Options-version: Special Options:actionCommand(): User Commands:l: User Commands:le: User Commands:m: User Commands:q: User Commands:rn: User Commands:s: User Commands:w[q]: User CommandsAddRats(): ActionsApplyVendor(): ApplyVendor ActionApplyVendor(): ActionsAtomic(): ActionsBell(): ActionsChangeClearSize(): ActionsChangeDrillSize(): ActionsChangeFlag(): ActionsChangeHole(): ActionsChangeName(): ActionsChangeOctagon(): ActionsChangePinName(): ActionsChangeSize(): ActionsChangeSquare(): ActionsClrFlag(): ActionsCommand(): ActionsConnection(): ActionsDeleteRats(): ActionsDisableVendor(): DisableVendor ActionDisableVendor(): ActionsDisperseElements(): ActionsDisplay(): ActionsDRC(): ActionsEditLayerGroups(): ActionsEnableVendor(): EnableVendor ActionEnableVendor(): ActionsExecuteFile(): ActionsLoad(): ActionsLoadVendor(): ActionsLoadVendorFrom(): LoadVendorFrom ActionMarkCrosshair(): ActionsMode(): ActionsMovePointer(): ActionsMoveToCurrentLayer(): ActionsNew(): ActionsPasteBuffer(): ActionsPolygon(): ActionsPrint(): ActionsQuit(): ActionsRedo(): ActionsRemoveSelected(): ActionsReport(): ActionsRouteStyle(): ActionsSave(): ActionsSelect(): ActionsSetFlag(): ActionsSetValue(): ActionsSwapSides(): ActionsSwitchDrawingLayer(): ActionsToggleHideName(): ActionsToggleVendor(): ToggleVendor ActionToggleVendor(): ActionsToggleVisibility(): ActionsUndo(): ActionsUnloadVendor(): UnloadVendor ActionUnloadVendor(): ActionsUnselect(): ActionsPcb: Command-Line Options